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The six monarchies on the Arabian Peninsula have devoted enormous sums to defense in past decades. Nevertheless, the gap between their expensive armaments and their capacity to deter aggression and/or project military strength has narrowed but little in that time. This Element takes a political economy approach and argues that structural factors inherent in the Gulf states' political systems prohibit civilian oversight of the defense sector and are responsible for this outcome. Lax restraints on military outlays, in turn, enable widespread corruption, lead to large-scale waste, and account for the purchasing of unneeded, unsuitable, and incompatible weapons systems. The Element explores the challenges caused by plummeting oil prices and the resulting budget cuts and considers the development of domestic defense industries in Saudi Arabia and the UAE, intended as a part of their economic diversification program. The setbacks of the Saudi-led coalition's on-going war in Yemen starkly illustrate the narrative.

Defense industries --- Armaments industries --- Arms sales --- Military sales --- Military supplies industry --- Munitions --- Sale of military equipment --- Industries --- Arms transfers

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TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING --- Military Science --- Defense industries --- Business & Economics --- Industries --- Government policy --- Armaments industries --- Arms sales --- Military sales --- Military supplies industry --- Munitions --- Sale of military equipment --- Arms transfers

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Defense industries --- Armaments industries --- Arms sales --- Military sales --- Military supplies industry --- Munitions --- Sale of military equipment --- Industries --- Arms transfers --- Arms transfers. --- Middle East --- Persian Gulf Region.

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Situated in a remote area long a historical buffer zone between competing political entities, the Sulu Arms Market is an illicit market of a typical form in that it is both a source and a destination for less-than-legal guns. What makes the Sulu market unique is its longevity which is measured in centuries. In modern times, guns from the area supply conflicts and crime from Japan to Sri Lanka to Papua New Guinea and beyond; and in turn the world pours guns and ammunition into Mindanao, the Maluku (Molucca) Islands, and to a lesser extent, Malaysia and the rest of the Philippines. Like most black arms pipelines, the Sulu Arms Market is intertwined with piracy, terrorism, and the traffic of other illicit commodities. Criminal gangs, communists, Moro independence groups, and Islamic militants are all major players in the market, making it a security problem for at least five member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).

Illegal arms transfers --- Arms smuggling --- Arms trafficking --- Contraband arms traffic --- Gun running --- Gunrunning --- Illegal arms trafficking --- International illicit arms sales --- Arms transfers --- Prevention.

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Arms transfers. --- Illegal arms transfers. --- Arms transfers --- Illegal arms transfers --- 874 Wapenhandel --- Arms smuggling --- Arms trafficking --- Contraband arms traffic --- Gun running --- Gunrunning --- Illegal arms trafficking --- International illicit arms sales --- Arms sales --- Arms traffic --- Foreign military sales --- Military sales --- Munitions --- Sale of military equipment --- International trade --- Arms race --- Defense industries --- Military assistance