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Daucus carota --- Daucus carota --- Cyclamen --- Cyclamen --- Cucumis sativus --- Cucumis sativus --- Plant embryos --- Plant embryos --- Somatic embryos --- Somatic embryos --- Embryo culture --- Embryo culture --- culture media --- culture media --- Genetic stability --- Genetic stability --- Proteoglycans --- Proteoglycans --- Agp --- Arabinogalactan-protein --- Agp --- Arabinogalactan-protein

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Plants synthesize a wide variety of unique glycan structures which play essential roles during the life cycle of the plant. Being omnipresent throughout the plant kingdom, ranging from simple green algae to modern flowering plants, glycans contribute to many diverse processes. Glycans can function as structural components in the plant cell wall, assist in the folding of nascent proteins, act as signaling molecules in plant defense responses or (ER) stress pathways, or serve within the energy metabolism of a plant. In most cases, glycans are attached to other macromolecules to form so-called glycoconjugates (e.g. glycoproteins, proteoglycans and glycolipids), but they can also be present as free entities residing in the plant cell. Next to the broad, complex set of glycans, plants also evolved an elaborate collection of lectins or proteins with a lectin-like domain, which can recognize and bind to endogenous (plants-own) or exogenous (foreign) glycans. Though still poorly understood in plants, the dynamic interactions between lectins and carbohydrate structures are suggested to be involved in gene transcription, protein folding, protein transport, cell adhesion, signaling as well as defense responses. As such, a complex and largely undetermined glycan-interactome is established inside plant cells, between cells and their surrounding matrix, inside the extracellular matrix, and even between organisms. Studying the biological roles of plant glycans will enable to better understand plant development and physiology in order to fully exploit plants for food, feed and production of pharmaceutical proteins. In this Research Topic, we want to provide a platform for articles describing the latest research, perspectives and methodologies related to the fascinating world of plant glycobiology, with a focus on following subjects: 1. Identification and characterization of plant glycans, their biosynthetic and degradation enzymes 2. Characterization of plant lectins and glycoproteins 3. Plant glycans in the plant’s energy metabolism 4. Role of plant glycans in plant defense signaling 5. Use of plant lectins in pest control 6. Plant lectins as new tools in human medicine 7. Glyco-engineering in plants

Glycomics. --- Glycoproteins. --- Glycolipids. --- Cell Wall --- Arabinogalactan proteins --- Protein-carbohydrate interactions --- Glycans and Glycoconjugates --- Glycoengineering --- Lectins --- Hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins --- Sugar Signaling

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Wine is a widely consumed beverage due to its unique and pleasant sensory properties. Wine is composed of more than one thousand chemical compounds (e.g., alcohols, esters, acids, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, anthocyanins, minerals, and vitamins, among others) resulting from several chemical and biochemical processes. Microextraction techniques in tandem with high-resolution analytical instruments have been applied by wine researchers to expand the knowledge of wine’s chemical composition with the purposes of improving wine quality, supporting winemaker decisions related to the winemaking process, and guaranteeing the authenticity of wine. As a result, we proposed “Chemical/Instrumental Approaches to the Evaluation of Wine Chemistry” as a topic for a Special Issue in Molecules. This Special Issue aims to provide an update on state-of-the-art extraction procedures (e.g., solid-phase microextraction (SPME)) and analytical tools (e.g., nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS)), emphasizing their use as suitable platforms for the establishment of the chemical composition of wine (volatomic profile, antioxidants, phenolic pattern, and elemental composition, among others). Information related to wine sensorial properties, contaminants, authenticity, and chemometric tools used for data treatment are described in this Issue.

n/a --- nanoparticle tracking analysis --- sweeteners --- health risk assessment --- metals --- volatile phenols --- aggregation --- cyclodextrins --- antioxidant activity --- seed tannin --- trace elements --- sherry wine --- HS–SPME --- atomic absorption --- Bee pollen --- photo-diode array detector (PDA) --- biological aging --- triterpenoid saponins --- VOCs --- gas chromatography-mass spectrometry --- charged aerosol detection (CAD) --- anthocyanins --- health potential --- dessert wine --- hydrogels --- potential odorants --- nuclear magnetic resonance --- GC–qMS --- Primula veris L. --- mannoprotein --- Brettanomyces --- ionic exchange resin --- Chinese wine --- arabinogalactan --- ICP-MS --- activator --- flavonoids --- smoke taint --- wine --- cowslip --- white spirits --- estimated daily intake --- HS-SPME --- GC-qMS

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Despite intense investigation of plant embryogenesis, there are still various open questions in this fascinating field. For example, our knowledge is still poor in relation to the spatiotemporal dynamics and the regulatory mechanisms of various embryonic events at all levels of whole plants, organs, tissues, cells, and molecules. We also need to understand the generality and diversity of embryonic features in a diverse range of species and also the bioengineering technologies to improve reproductive traits. Therefore, in this Special Issue, we show various articles, including original research papers and reviews, to expand our knowledge on plant embryogenesis, including works spanning from the various novel protocols of model plants to the regulations of somatic embryogenesis in agricultural plants.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- tobacco --- embryogenesis --- suspensor --- programmed cell death --- TUNEL --- low-fluence --- red light --- shoot regeneration --- WUS --- NPA --- antioxidative enzymes --- arabinogalactan proteins --- centaury --- Gentianaceae --- in vitro culture --- morphogenesis --- plant growth regulators --- somatic embryo --- tissue culture --- clearing --- 3D imaging --- Arabidopsis thaliana --- embryo --- confocal microscopy --- cell wall staining --- fluorescent reporter --- GFP --- cyclic somatic embryogenesis --- direct somatic embryogenesis --- indirect somatic embryogenesis --- leaf explant --- histology --- 2,4-D --- CPPU --- auxins --- cytokinins --- regeneration --- picloram --- cryoplate --- vitrification solutions --- long-term preservation --- fertilization --- male excess --- parental genome --- paternal genome --- polyspermy --- rice --- epidermal development --- ATML1 --- transcriptional regulation --- post-transcriptional regulation --- tobacco --- embryogenesis --- suspensor --- programmed cell death --- TUNEL --- low-fluence --- red light --- shoot regeneration --- WUS --- NPA --- antioxidative enzymes --- arabinogalactan proteins --- centaury --- Gentianaceae --- in vitro culture --- morphogenesis --- plant growth regulators --- somatic embryo --- tissue culture --- clearing --- 3D imaging --- Arabidopsis thaliana --- embryo --- confocal microscopy --- cell wall staining --- fluorescent reporter --- GFP --- cyclic somatic embryogenesis --- direct somatic embryogenesis --- indirect somatic embryogenesis --- leaf explant --- histology --- 2,4-D --- CPPU --- auxins --- cytokinins --- regeneration --- picloram --- cryoplate --- vitrification solutions --- long-term preservation --- fertilization --- male excess --- parental genome --- paternal genome --- polyspermy --- rice --- epidermal development --- ATML1 --- transcriptional regulation --- post-transcriptional regulation