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Antitussive agents --- Early works to 1800 --- Medicinal plants

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Drugs, Nonprescription. --- Dextromethorphan. --- Antitussive agents. --- Respiratory agents --- Cough --- DXM (Dextromethorphan) --- Antitussive agents --- Methyl aspartate --- Nonprescription drugs --- OTC drugs --- Over-the-counter drugs --- Drugs --- Health products --- Nonprescription drug industry --- Patent medicines --- Antagonists

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The last decade or so has seen remarkable advances in our knowledge of cough. This applies especially to its basic mechanisms: the types of airway sensors, the phar- cological receptors on their membranes, the brainstem organization of the ‘cough centre’, and the involvement of the cerebral cortex in the sensations and the vol- tary control of cough. With the exception of the last of these, nearly all the studies have been on experimental animals rather than humans, for obvious reasons. One group of experimental studies has particular relevance to human patients, and that is the demonstration of the sensitization of cough pathways both in the periphery and in the brainstem. Similar sensitizations have been shown for patients with chronic cough or who have been exposed to pollutants, and it is reasonable to suppose that this is the basis of their cough and that the underlying mechanisms are generally similar in humans and other species. Important advances are also being made in clinical cough research. For the three main causes of clinical cough, asthma, post-nasal drip syndrome, and gast- oesophageal re?ux disease, we are beginning to understand the pathological processes involved. There remains a diagnostically obdurate group of idiopathic chronic coughers, but even for them approaches are being devised to clarify und- lying mechanisms and to establish diagnoses. Perhaps surprisingly, the ?eld in which there has been the least spectacular - vance is the therapy of cough.

Antitussive Agents -- therapeutic use. --- Cough -- drug therapy. --- Cough -- Treatment. --- Respiratory System Agents --- Signs and Symptoms, Respiratory --- Respiration Disorders --- Central Nervous System Agents --- Therapeutic Uses --- Signs and Symptoms --- Respiratory Tract Diseases --- Diseases --- Pharmacologic Actions --- Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms --- Chemical Actions and Uses --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Antitussive Agents --- Cough --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Medicine --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Physiology --- Respiratory System Diseases --- Pharmacy, Therapeutics, & Pharmacology --- Cough. --- Treatment. --- Chemotherapy. --- Coughing --- Medicine. --- Human physiology. --- Pharmacology. --- Allergy. --- Internal medicine. --- Gastroenterology. --- Respiratory organs --- Biomedicine. --- Pharmacology/Toxicology. --- Human Physiology. --- Allergology. --- Pneumology/Respiratory System. --- Internal Medicine. --- Diseases. --- Reflexes --- Symptoms --- Antitussive agents --- Toxicology. --- Pneumology. --- Internal medicine --- Digestive organs --- Medicine, Internal --- Allergic diseases --- Allergies --- Hypersensitivity --- Hypersensitivity, Immediate --- Immediate allergy --- Immediate hypersensitivity --- Immunologic diseases --- Immunoglobulin E --- Human biology --- Medical sciences --- Human body --- Chemicals --- Pharmacology --- Poisoning --- Poisons --- Toxicology --- Respiratory organs—Diseases. --- Gastroenterology . --- Drug effects --- Medical pharmacology --- Chemotherapy --- Drugs --- Pharmacy --- Physiological effect

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Oxidative stress causes chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, Alzheimer, chronic obstructive pulmonary, and neurodegenerative pathologies. Antioxidant systems defend human cells from free radicals. They act by stopping free radicals, decreasing their development, and quenching the formed ROS and RNS. The antioxidant molecules are classified into primary and secondary defense molecules. The primary antioxidant molecules (i.e., vitamins C and E, ubiquinone, and glutathione) reduce oxidation effects by moving a proton to the free radical species or electron donors, or by terminating the chain reactions The secondary antioxidants (i.e., N-acetyl cysteine and lipoic acid) act as cofactors for some enzyme systems or neutralize the production of free radicals by transition metals. This work comprises original research papers and reviews on antioxidant molecules in food, the agricultural practices that maximize their levels in plants, the potential preventive effects of selected classes of antioxidant molecules, their potential use in functional foods, and the pharmaceutical delivery systems that maximize their potential activity when used as supplements.

Trichoderma spp. --- EVOO --- olive pomace --- olive vegetation water --- Olea europea var Leccino --- HRMS-Orbitrap --- phenolic identification --- antioxidant activity --- grape seed oil fatty acid --- novel extraction --- tocopherol --- supercritical fluid --- microwave assisted --- ultrasound assisted --- Soxhlet --- olive mill wastewater --- olive oil --- Olive Pâté --- antioxidants --- nutraceutical --- Q Exactive Orbitrap LC-MS/MS --- Clery strawberry --- food processing --- Polyphenols --- multi-methodological evaluation --- HS-GC/MS analysis --- PCA --- antioxidant --- HepG2 cells --- EVOO extract --- IOC methods --- LDLR --- PCSK9 --- tomatoes --- NMR spectroscopy --- FT-ICR mass spectrometry --- ripening stage --- phenolics --- metabolomics --- phytochemicals --- cardoon --- multipurpose plant --- chlorogenic acid --- fatty acids --- herbal treatment --- organic zinc --- lamb --- Haemonchus contortus --- antioxidant enzymes --- lipid peroxidation --- mineral status --- paraxanthine --- caffeine --- CYP1A2 phenotyping --- human saliva --- differential pulse voltammetry --- egg --- flavonoids --- inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) --- metallome --- quercetin --- walnut --- by-products --- antitussive --- ROS --- NOx --- IL-6 --- CXC-R1 --- histopathological analysis --- sustainable agriculture --- onion skin --- traditional varieties --- flavonols --- dietary antioxidants, --- Helichrysum --- medicinal plants --- infusions --- phenolic compounds --- antioxidative potential --- polyphenols --- flavonids --- endogenous antioxidant enzymes --- reduced glutathione --- oxidized glutathione --- catalase --- superoxide dismutase --- interleukin 6 --- tumor necrosis factor --- endurance sports --- Ficus carica --- oxidative stress protection --- stress hormones --- epidermal skin barrier --- nutricosmetics --- brown rice --- fermentation --- germination --- stress --- bioactive compounds --- untargeted metabolomics --- functional food --- health benefits --- lovage --- elicitation --- phenolic acids --- potential anti-inflammatory potential --- anticancer properties --- antioxidative activity --- bioactive peptides --- peptidomics --- mass spectrometry --- soybean --- plant-based foods --- LDL --- CVD --- lipid oxidation --- dietary fiber --- cholesterol --- hyperlipidemia --- microalgae --- spirulina --- inflammation --- lipopolysaccharide --- dairy cows --- fattening bulls --- leukocytes --- spices --- condiments --- extra-virgin olive oil --- antiviral properties --- antioxidant properties --- nutricosmetic --- grape seed --- pomace --- polyunsaturated fatty acids --- polyphenol --- resveratrol --- rutin --- HPLC --- GC --- coumarins --- green synthesis --- DFT --- red algae --- antioxidant and antimicrobial ability --- lipoperoxidation --- salmon --- anticancer --- marigold --- sage --- bearberry --- eucalyptus --- yarrow --- apples --- pomegranate --- mitochondrial DNA --- DNA damage --- apoptosis --- oral cancer --- arbutin --- melanin --- pigment --- melasma --- skin lightening --- cosmetic --- hyperpigmentation --- tyrosinase --- nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) --- Brassicaceae --- light wavelength --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- oxidative stress --- antioxidant proteins --- Moringa leaf extract --- nanoencapsulation --- rabbit --- physiology --- reproduction --- n/a --- Olive Pâté