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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is currently a high priority topic for public health and a paradigmatic example of the One Health concept. AMR bacteria flow among humans and animals and actions for fighting the problem must take into account both sectors. Antimicrobial usage (AMU) is one of the potential drivers for AMR. In the animal sector, many national and supra-national authorities (e.g. the European Medicines Agency) have established AMU monitoring programs, most of them being based on sales data of antimicrobials for veterinary use. While providing very valuable information, these data also have limitations and make it difficult to identify by whom, when and how the antimicrobial products were actually used. Different central aspects of AMU monitoring remain to be solved, including, among others: full coverage of both companion and food animal, use of appropriate methods for collection of information at the animal and farm levels and choice of metrics of measurement of AMU and animal populations at risk.

antibiotic use --- metrics --- livestock --- pets --- monitoring --- surveillance

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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is currently a high priority topic for public health and a paradigmatic example of the One Health concept. AMR bacteria flow among humans and animals and actions for fighting the problem must take into account both sectors. Antimicrobial usage (AMU) is one of the potential drivers for AMR. In the animal sector, many national and supra-national authorities (e.g. the European Medicines Agency) have established AMU monitoring programs, most of them being based on sales data of antimicrobials for veterinary use. While providing very valuable information, these data also have limitations and make it difficult to identify by whom, when and how the antimicrobial products were actually used. Different central aspects of AMU monitoring remain to be solved, including, among others: full coverage of both companion and food animal, use of appropriate methods for collection of information at the animal and farm levels and choice of metrics of measurement of AMU and animal populations at risk.

Medicine --- Veterinary medicine --- antibiotic use --- metrics --- livestock --- pets --- monitoring --- surveillance --- antibiotic use --- metrics --- livestock --- pets --- monitoring --- surveillance

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Antimicrobial resistance is a global One Health topic that affects us all, whether we are working in human or veterinary medicine. Although antibiotic use in farm animals is decreasing in many countries, other nations are still using these essential medical resources as growth promoters to boost economic gains. As veterinarians responsible for animal welfare, it is vital that we are permitted to treat sick animals effectively, but we must learn to be more prudent in our use of these drugs. It is essential that we, as responsible clinicians, policy makers, and researchers, develop methods of quantifying, monitoring, benchmarking, and reporting antibiotic use in both farm and companion animals, so that antimicrobial stewardship schemes can be implemented and their successes or failures analyzed. This Special Issue includes research on antibiotic use and resistance in a variety of animal species, covering cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry, and pets. The relationship between antimicrobial use and resistance in animals is investigated on a global scale, with authors from Austria, Australia, Brazil, Germany, Italy, India, the Netherlands, Peru, Portugal, Slovenia, and the United Kingdom.

Medicine --- Escherichia coli --- antimicrobial resistance --- swine --- weaned piglet --- antibiotic growth promoters --- antibiotic --- antibiotic resistance --- livestock --- antibiotic use --- AMR --- MDR --- environment --- antimicrobial usage --- bovine --- India --- KAP survey --- veterinarians --- antimicrobial use --- antimicrobial resistance (AMR) --- Timor-Leste --- antimicrobial --- veterinary --- prudent use --- critically important antimicrobials --- growth promotion --- poultry --- sheep --- beef cattle --- normalised resistance interpretation --- antimicrobial susceptibility testing --- tetracyclines --- farms --- turkeys --- farm --- antimicrobial resistance genes --- biosecurity --- risk factor --- metagenomics --- qPCR --- isolates --- neonatal calf diarrhea --- survey --- antibiotics --- HPCIA --- urinary tract infection --- Flexicult Vet --- pathogen identification --- dogs --- cats --- veterinary microbiology --- bovine respiratory disease --- multidrug-resistance --- Pasteurella multocida --- Mannheimia haemolytica --- Truperella pyogenes --- dairy farm --- E. coli --- calves --- enteritis --- serotypes --- virulence --- multidrug-resistant --- extensively drug-resistant --- dairy --- ESBL --- MRSA --- dog --- canine parvovirus --- Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 --- multidrug resistance --- One Health --- Enterobacteriaceae --- public awareness --- farmworkers --- chicken --- growth promoters --- Staphylococcus hyicus --- PFGE --- exudative epidermitis --- pigs --- monitoring --- carbapenems --- CPE --- meat-producing animal --- companion animal --- travelers --- feed --- risk assessment --- introduction risk --- stochastic risk model --- coagulase-negative Staphylococcus --- CoNS --- quails --- broilers --- Escherichia coli --- antimicrobial resistance --- swine --- weaned piglet --- antibiotic growth promoters --- antibiotic --- antibiotic resistance --- livestock --- antibiotic use --- AMR --- MDR --- environment --- antimicrobial usage --- bovine --- India --- KAP survey --- veterinarians --- antimicrobial use --- antimicrobial resistance (AMR) --- Timor-Leste --- antimicrobial --- veterinary --- prudent use --- critically important antimicrobials --- growth promotion --- poultry --- sheep --- beef cattle --- normalised resistance interpretation --- antimicrobial susceptibility testing --- tetracyclines --- farms --- turkeys --- farm --- antimicrobial resistance genes --- biosecurity --- risk factor --- metagenomics --- qPCR --- isolates --- neonatal calf diarrhea --- survey --- antibiotics --- HPCIA --- urinary tract infection --- Flexicult Vet --- pathogen identification --- dogs --- cats --- veterinary microbiology --- bovine respiratory disease --- multidrug-resistance --- Pasteurella multocida --- Mannheimia haemolytica --- Truperella pyogenes --- dairy farm --- E. coli --- calves --- enteritis --- serotypes --- virulence --- multidrug-resistant --- extensively drug-resistant --- dairy --- ESBL --- MRSA --- dog --- canine parvovirus --- Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 --- multidrug resistance --- One Health --- Enterobacteriaceae --- public awareness --- farmworkers --- chicken --- growth promoters --- Staphylococcus hyicus --- PFGE --- exudative epidermitis --- pigs --- monitoring --- carbapenems --- CPE --- meat-producing animal --- companion animal --- travelers --- feed --- risk assessment --- introduction risk --- stochastic risk model --- coagulase-negative Staphylococcus --- CoNS --- quails --- broilers

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Pyrrhic Progress analyses over half a century of antibiotic use, regulation, and resistance in US and British food production. Mass-introduced after 1945, antibiotics helped revolutionize post-war agriculture. Food producers used antibiotics to prevent and treat disease, protect plants, preserve food, and promote animals' growth. Many soon became dependent on routine antibiotic use to sustain and increase production. The resulting growth of antibiotic infrastructures came at a price. Critics blamed antibiotics for leaving dangerous residues in food, enabling bad animal welfare, and selecting for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria, which could no longer be treated with antibiotics. Pyrrhic Progress reconstructs the complicated negotiations that accompanied this process of risk prioritization between consumers, farmers, and regulators on both sides of the Atlantic. Unsurprisingly, solutions differed: while Europeans implemented precautionary antibiotic restrictions to curb AMR, consumer concerns and cost-benefit assessments made US regulators focus on curbing drug residues in food. The result was a growing divergence of antibiotic stewardship and a rise of AMR. Kirchhelle's comprehensive analysis of evolving non-human antibiotic use and the historical complexities of antibiotic stewardship provides important insights for current debates on the global burden of AMR.

History --- Medicine --- History, 21st Century --- History, 20th Century --- Agriculture --- Legislation, Drug --- Food Safety --- Drug Resistance, Microbial --- Anti-Bacterial Agents --- history --- United States --- United Kingdom --- Anti-bacterial agents --- Antibacterials --- Bacteriocidal agents --- Bacteriostatic agents --- Anti-infective agents --- Bacterial diseases --- Bactericides --- Chemotherapy --- Storbritannien --- Anglia --- Wielka Brytania --- Nagy-Britannia --- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland --- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland --- Grande-Bretagne --- Angliyah --- Briṭanyah --- Velikobritanii︠a︡ --- Saharātchaʻānāčhak --- Marea Britanie --- Grossbritannien --- Prydain Fawr --- Royaume-Uni --- Iso-Britannia --- Yhdistynyt kuningaskunta --- Förenade kungariket --- Grã-Bretanha --- בריטניה --- イギリス --- Igirisu --- Northern Ireland --- Scotland --- Wales --- England and Wales --- ABŞ --- ABSh --- Ameerika Ühendriigid --- America (Republic) --- Amerika Birlăshmish Shtatlary --- Amerika Birlăşmi Ştatları --- Amerika Birlăşmiş Ştatları --- Amerika ka Kelenyalen Jamanaw --- Amerika Qūrama Shtattary --- Amerika Qŭshma Shtatlari --- Amerika Qushma Shtattary --- Amerika (Republic) --- Amerikai Egyesült Államok --- Amerikanʹ Veĭtʹsėndi︠a︡vks Shtattnė --- Amerikări Pĕrleshu̇llĕ Shtatsem --- Amerikas Forenede Stater --- Amerikayi Miatsʻyal Nahangner --- Ameriketako Estatu Batuak --- Amirika Carékat --- AQSh --- Ar. ha-B. --- Arhab --- Artsot ha-Berit --- Artzois Ha'bris --- Bí-kok --- Ē.P.A. --- EE.UU. --- Egyesült Államok --- ĒPA --- Estados Unidos --- Estados Unidos da América do Norte --- Estados Unidos de América --- Estaos Xuníos --- Estaos Xuníos d'América --- Estatos Unitos --- Estatos Unitos d'America --- Estats Units d'Amèrica --- Ètats-Unis d'Amèrica --- États-Unis d'Amérique --- Fareyniḳṭe Shṭaṭn --- Feriene Steaten --- Feriene Steaten fan Amearika --- Forente stater --- FS --- Hēnomenai Politeiai Amerikēs --- Hēnōmenes Politeies tēs Amerikēs --- Hiwsisayin Amerikayi Miatsʻeal Tērutʻiwnkʻ --- Istadus Unidus --- Jungtinės Amerikos valstybės --- Mei guo --- Mei-kuo --- Meiguo --- Mî-koet --- Miatsʻyal Nahangner --- Miguk --- Na Stàitean Aonaichte --- NSA --- S.U.A. --- SAD --- Saharat ʻAmērikā --- SASht --- Severo-Amerikanskie Shtaty --- Severo-Amerikanskie Soedinennye Shtaty --- Si︠e︡vero-Amerikanskīe Soedinennye Shtaty --- Sjedinjene Američke Države --- Soedinennye Shtaty Ameriki --- Soedinennye Shtaty Severnoĭ Ameriki --- Soedinennye Shtaty Si︠e︡vernoĭ Ameriki --- Spojené obce severoamerické --- Spojené staty americké --- SShA --- Stadoù-Unanet Amerika --- Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá --- Stany Zjednoczone --- Stati Uniti --- Stati Uniti d'America --- Stâts Unîts --- Stâts Unîts di Americhe --- Steatyn Unnaneysit --- Steatyn Unnaneysit America --- SUA (Stati Uniti d'America) --- Sŭedineni amerikanski shtati --- Sŭedinenite shtati --- Tetã peteĩ reko Amérikagua --- U.S. --- U.S.A. --- United States of America --- Unol Daleithiau --- Unol Daleithiau America --- Unuiĝintaj Ŝtatoj de Ameriko --- US --- USA --- Usono --- Vaeinigte Staatn --- Vaeinigte Staatn vo Amerika --- Vereinigte Staaten --- Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika --- Verenigde State van Amerika --- Verenigde Staten --- VS --- VSA --- Wááshindoon Bikéyah Ałhidadiidzooígíí --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah al-Amirīkīyah --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah al-Amrīkīyah --- Yhdysvallat --- Yunaeted Stet --- Yunaeted Stet blong Amerika --- ZDA --- Združene države Amerike --- Zʹi︠e︡dnani Derz︠h︡avy Ameryky --- Zjadnośone staty Ameriki --- Zluchanyi︠a︡ Shtaty Ameryki --- Zlucheni Derz︠h︡avy --- ZSA --- Η.Π.Α. --- Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες της Αμερικής --- Америка (Republic) --- Американь Вейтьсэндявкс Штаттнэ --- Америкӑри Пӗрлешӳллӗ Штатсем --- САЩ --- Съединените щати --- Злучаныя Штаты Амерыкі --- ولايات المتحدة --- ولايات المتّحدة الأمريكيّة --- ولايات المتحدة الامريكية --- 미국 --- Drug legalization --- Food --- Drug resistance in microorganisms --- History. --- history. --- Safety measures. --- Genetic aspects. --- Microbial genetics --- Decriminalization of illegal drugs --- Drug decriminalization --- Legalization of illegal drugs --- Decriminalization --- Narcotic laws --- Health, medicine, antibiotics, history of antibiotics, Anglo-American food production, post-war agriculture, food production, agriculture, antibiotic use, antibiotic regulation, British food production, antibiotic resistance, twentieth century, US food production, United States, antibiotic infrastructure, animal welfare, antimicrobial resistance, farming, farmers, AMR, agricultural history, environmental history, public health, risk management. --- États-Unis --- É.-U. --- ÉU --- Briṭena