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Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the obligate human pathogen“Neisseria gonorrhoeae”. This Gram-negative diplococcus is highly infective due to its virulence factors: pili, Por proteins, Opa proteins, Rmp proteins, lipooligosaccharides and IgA protease. Despite existing guidelines for its treatment, the incidence of the disease follows an increasing trend worldwide. This is mainly due to the appearance of antibiotic-resistant strains, inefficient diagnostic methods and poor sexual education. Without an effective vaccine available, the key priorities for the control of the disease include sexual education, contact notification, epidemiological surveillance, diagnosis and effective antibiotic treatment. This Special Issue focuses on some of these important issuesm such as the molecular mechanisms of the disease, diagnostic tests and different treatment strategies used to combat gonorrhea.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae --- gonorrhea --- antimicrobial resistance --- ciprofloxacin resistance --- precision treatment --- Neisseria species --- Neisseria meningitidis --- commensal --- pathogenesis --- host adaptation --- diagnostic --- microscopy --- culture --- NAAT --- point-of-care test --- microfluidic --- HDAC --- infection --- epigenetic --- H3K9ac --- macrophage --- survival --- cytokines --- chemokines --- AMR --- Neisseria meningitides --- commensal Neisseria --- Neisseria --- meningitidis --- kissing --- sharing --- microbiome --- transmission --- sexually transmitted infection --- diagnosis --- antibiotic treatment

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Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a diverse group of carbon-based molecules that are volatile at ambient temperatures and are emitted by an organism as a result of metabolic processes of cells and associated microbiome. The qualitative and quantitative profile of VOCs in biological fluids can vary depending on the physiological changes. Therefore, the pattern of volatile metabolites may reflect the presence of several diseases. This has been intensively investigated in the last few decades, resulting in an increasing number of studies focused on new volatile biomarker discovery.This reprint aimed to summarize the recent findings related to VOCs detected in various biological fluids such as breath, urine and feces for biomedical applications. The content covers various topics, including but not limited to biomedical/medical application of VOC analysis, biomarker discovery, and novel approaches for sampling and analyzing VOCs.

Research & information: general --- Chemistry --- liquid–liquid extraction --- volatile compounds --- urine --- method optimization --- GC-MS --- 1H-NMR --- iron deficiency anaemia --- iron supplementation --- volatile organic compounds (VOCs) --- intestinal metabolome --- gut microbiome --- CDH --- microbiome --- VOCs --- spiroergometry --- outcome --- exhaled breath --- eNose --- smoking --- asthma --- COPD --- NTD-GC-MS --- breath --- lung cancer --- biomarkers --- volatile organic compounds --- urine analysis --- comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography --- kidney diseases --- urinary biomarkers --- hepatocellular carcinoma --- diagnosis --- headspace analysis --- untargeted analysis --- breath analysis --- cancer biomarkers --- volatolomics --- whole grain --- rye --- comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry --- dietary fiber --- e-nose --- electronic nose --- breathing rhythm --- mechanical ventilation --- anesthesia --- supplemental oxygen --- oxygen toxicity --- lipid peroxidation --- volatile aldehydes --- pentanal --- hexanal --- classification models --- dairy cows --- fecal headspace --- Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) --- paratuberculosis --- random forest --- stable air --- volatile organic compound (VOC) --- biomarker --- MCC–IMS --- ventilator-induced lung injury --- metabolome --- feces --- neonates --- fermentation --- protein --- carbohydrate --- short chain fatty acid --- metabolites --- volatile organic compound --- acute gastritis --- antibiotic treatment --- treatment dynamics: microbiota --- mid-infrared spectroscopy --- short-chain fatty acid --- alpha-keto acid --- Helicobacter pylori --- MOX sensors --- low sensing chamber volume --- calibration transfer --- standard samples --- piecewise direct standardization --- correlation alignment --- breath sampling --- pattern recognition