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Bacterial resistance to known and currently used antibiotics represents a growing issue worldwide. It poses a major problem in the treatment of infectious diseases in general and hospital-acquired infections in particular. This is in part due to the overuse and misuse of antibiotics in past decades, which led to the selection of highly resistant bacteria and even so-called superbugs – multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Nosocomial infections, particularly, are often caused by MDR bacterial pathogens and the treatment of such infections is very complicated and extensive, often leading to various side effects, including adverse effects on the natural human microbiome. At the same time, the development of novel antibiotics is lagging with very few new ones in the pipeline. Finding viable alternatives to treat such infections may help to overcome these therapeutic issues. This publication brings novel developments in the field of bacterial resistance, mainly in the hospital settings, adequate antibiotic therapy, and identification of compounds useful to battle this growing issue.

VRE --- GIT --- hemato-oncological patients --- clonality --- antibiotic stewardship --- resistance --- consumption of antibiotics --- clonal spread --- Enterococcus faecium --- Enterococcus faecalis --- linezolid resistance --- 23S rRNA --- optrA --- carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae --- carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii --- N-acetylcysteine --- septic shock --- critically ill patients --- newborn --- infection --- bacteria --- antibiotic therapy --- hops --- C. difficile --- rat model --- Staphylococcus aureus --- MRSA --- spa typing --- MLST --- SCCmec typing --- clonal analysis --- epidemiology --- cancer patients --- duration of treatment --- colistin --- propensity score analysis --- multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii --- urinary tract infections --- UTIs --- MDR --- Escherichia coli --- Klebsiella --- uropathogens --- AMR --- antibiotic resistance --- ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae --- urinary tract infection --- clinical impact --- economic impact --- ventilator-associated pneumonia --- Klebsiella spp. --- Escherichia spp. --- pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) --- endogenous infection --- methicillin-resistant --- porcine model --- methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) --- long term care facilities (LTCF) --- multidrug resistance (MDR) --- enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) --- ESBL --- PCR --- primer --- antimicrobial resistance --- infection prevention and control --- antimicrobial stewardship --- hospital --- cluster analysis --- principal component analysis

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Bacterial resistance to known and currently used antibiotics represents a growing issue worldwide. It poses a major problem in the treatment of infectious diseases in general and hospital-acquired infections in particular. This is in part due to the overuse and misuse of antibiotics in past decades, which led to the selection of highly resistant bacteria and even so-called superbugs – multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Nosocomial infections, particularly, are often caused by MDR bacterial pathogens and the treatment of such infections is very complicated and extensive, often leading to various side effects, including adverse effects on the natural human microbiome. At the same time, the development of novel antibiotics is lagging with very few new ones in the pipeline. Finding viable alternatives to treat such infections may help to overcome these therapeutic issues. This publication brings novel developments in the field of bacterial resistance, mainly in the hospital settings, adequate antibiotic therapy, and identification of compounds useful to battle this growing issue.

Medicine --- Epidemiology & medical statistics --- VRE --- GIT --- hemato-oncological patients --- clonality --- antibiotic stewardship --- resistance --- consumption of antibiotics --- clonal spread --- Enterococcus faecium --- Enterococcus faecalis --- linezolid resistance --- 23S rRNA --- optrA --- carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae --- carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii --- N-acetylcysteine --- septic shock --- critically ill patients --- newborn --- infection --- bacteria --- antibiotic therapy --- hops --- C. difficile --- rat model --- Staphylococcus aureus --- MRSA --- spa typing --- MLST --- SCCmec typing --- clonal analysis --- epidemiology --- cancer patients --- duration of treatment --- colistin --- propensity score analysis --- multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii --- urinary tract infections --- UTIs --- MDR --- Escherichia coli --- Klebsiella --- uropathogens --- AMR --- antibiotic resistance --- ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae --- urinary tract infection --- clinical impact --- economic impact --- ventilator-associated pneumonia --- Klebsiella spp. --- Escherichia spp. --- pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) --- endogenous infection --- methicillin-resistant --- porcine model --- methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) --- long term care facilities (LTCF) --- multidrug resistance (MDR) --- enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) --- ESBL --- PCR --- primer --- antimicrobial resistance --- infection prevention and control --- antimicrobial stewardship --- hospital --- cluster analysis --- principal component analysis --- VRE --- GIT --- hemato-oncological patients --- clonality --- antibiotic stewardship --- resistance --- consumption of antibiotics --- clonal spread --- Enterococcus faecium --- Enterococcus faecalis --- linezolid resistance --- 23S rRNA --- optrA --- carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae --- carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii --- N-acetylcysteine --- septic shock --- critically ill patients --- newborn --- infection --- bacteria --- antibiotic therapy --- hops --- C. difficile --- rat model --- Staphylococcus aureus --- MRSA --- spa typing --- MLST --- SCCmec typing --- clonal analysis --- epidemiology --- cancer patients --- duration of treatment --- colistin --- propensity score analysis --- multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii --- urinary tract infections --- UTIs --- MDR --- Escherichia coli --- Klebsiella --- uropathogens --- AMR --- antibiotic resistance --- ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae --- urinary tract infection --- clinical impact --- economic impact --- ventilator-associated pneumonia --- Klebsiella spp. --- Escherichia spp. --- pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) --- endogenous infection --- methicillin-resistant --- porcine model --- methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) --- long term care facilities (LTCF) --- multidrug resistance (MDR) --- enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) --- ESBL --- PCR --- primer --- antimicrobial resistance --- infection prevention and control --- antimicrobial stewardship --- hospital --- cluster analysis --- principal component analysis

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This policy brief has been developed in response to the contemporary challenge of antibiotic resistance (‎ABR)‎. ABR poses a formidable threat to global health and sustainable development. It is now increasingly recognized that the systematic neglect of cultural factors is one of the biggest obstacles to achieving better health outcomes and better standards of living worldwide. Using a cultural contexts of health approach, the policy brief explores the centrality of culture to the challenge of ABR. The brief examines how the prescription and use of antibacterial medicines, the transmission of resistance, and the regulation and funding of research are influenced by cultural, social and commercial, as well as biological and technological factors. The brief moves beyond the ready equation of culture with individual behaviours and demonstrates how culture serve as an enabler of health and provide new possibilities for change.

Culture --- Global Health. --- Drug Resistance, Microbial --- Antimicrobial Stewardship --- Health Policy --- Agriculture --- Santé globale --- Résistance aux antibiotiques. --- Politique de santé. --- Agriculture. --- Europe --- Global health --- Contribution au concept de culture --- Et la culture --- Vie culturelle --- Activités culturelles --- Adab --- Civilisation --- Cognition et culture --- Communication et culture --- Cultural studies --- Culture et développement durable --- Culture et handicapés --- Culture et jeunesse --- Culture et mondialisation --- Culturologie --- Équipements culturels --- Ethnologie --- Études transculturelles --- Langage et culture --- Médias et culture --- Nature et culture --- Personnalité et culture --- Philosophie de la culture --- Politique et culture --- Psychanalyse et culture --- Religion et culture --- Sémiotique et culture --- Acculturation --- Arts --- Biculturalisme --- Collectionneurs et collections --- Communication interculturelle --- Conflit culturel --- Contre-culture --- Cosmopolitisme --- Culture d'entreprise --- Culture de masse --- Culture dominante --- Culture générale --- Culture juridique --- Culture politique --- Culture populaire --- Culture scientifique et technique --- Culture stratégique --- Décivilisation --- Diffusion de la culture --- Diversité culturelle --- Éducation --- Ethnocide --- Géographie culturelle --- Histoire des mentalités --- Journaux --- Patrimoine culturel --- Politique culturelle --- Relations culturelles --- Savoir et érudition --- Sociologie de la culture --- Subculture --- Vie artistique --- Vie intellectuelle --- Vie musicale --- Agricultural Development --- Farming --- Development, Agricultural --- Agricultural Inoculants --- Health Policies --- Healthcare Policy --- National Health Policy --- Health Policy, National --- Healthcare Policies --- National Health Policies --- Policy, Health --- Policy, Healthcare --- Policy, National Health --- Policy Making --- Antibiotic Stewardship --- Stewardship, Antibiotic --- Stewardship, Antimicrobial --- Antimicrobial Drug Resistance --- Antibiotic Resistance --- Antibiotic Resistance, Microbial --- Antimicrobial Drug Resistances --- Drug Resistances, Microbial --- Resistance, Antibiotic --- Microbial Sensitivity Tests --- International Health --- Worldwide Health --- International Health Problems --- World Health --- Health Problem, International --- Health Problems, International --- Health, Global --- Health, International --- Health, World --- Health, Worldwide --- Healths, International --- International Health Problem --- International Healths --- Problem, International Health --- Problems, International Health --- World Health Organization --- Beliefs --- Cultural Background --- Cultural Relativism --- Customs --- Background, Cultural --- Backgrounds, Cultural --- Belief --- Cultural Backgrounds --- Cultural Relativisms --- Cultures --- Relativism, Cultural --- Relativisms, Cultural --- Administration --- Droit --- Histoire --- Aspect économique --- Cahiers, chroniques, etc. -- Comptes rendus --- Conseil de l'Europe, Pays du --- Pays du Conseil de l'Europe --- Eurasie --- Northern Europe --- Southern Europe --- Western Europe --- Agronomy --- Agronomies --- Health Care Policies --- Care Policies, Health --- Health Care Policy --- Policies, Health --- Policies, Health Care --- Policies, Healthcare --- Policy, Health Care --- Hygiène publique --- Hygiène sociale --- Santé internationale --- Santé mondiale --- Écoles de santé publique --- Équipements sanitaires --- Médecine préventive --- Médecine sociale --- Personnel de santé publique --- Santé publique et mondialisation --- Service social médical --- Services communautaires de santé --- Services de santé --- Sociologie de la santé --- Crises sanitaires --- Dépistage --- Salubrité publique --- Santé de la reproduction --- Santé en milieu rural --- Santé en milieu urbain --- Santé mentale --- Santé publique bucco-dentaire --- Services de santé du travail --- Services nationaux de santé --- Soins médicaux --- Vaccination --- Discrimination sexuelle en santé publique --- Épidémiologie --- Évaluation d'impact sur la santé --- Génie sanitaire --- Hygiène du milieu --- Hygiène du travail --- Quarantaine --- Risques pour la santé --- Santé --- Global Health --- Santé publique --- Résistance aux antibiotiques --- Politique sanitaire