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Was heißt es, etwas zu verstehen? Dieses Buch verfolgt das Ziel, einen Beitrag zu einer Theorie des Verstehens zu leisten, indem es einen Ausschnitt aus dem Bereich der Objekte und Formen des Verstehens untersucht. Die Schwerpunkte liegen dabei auf dem Verstehen einer Sprache und dem Verstehen nicht-sprachlicher Praktiken. Der Autor setzt sich mit einer Reihe von Positionen und Argumenten aus der neueren, insbesondere analytischen Philosophie der Sprache, des Geistes und der Erkenntnis auseinander, greift aber auch Gedanken aus der klassischen sowie philosophischen Hermeneutik auf. Gegen verbreitete Ansichten argumentiert er, dass Verstehen von Wissen zu unterscheiden und grundsätzlich als Fähigkeit zu erklären ist, die im Rahmen sprachlicher, aber auch sprachunabhängiger Praktiken ausgeübt werden kann. Verstehen begreift er als praktische Form der Erkenntnis, die auf sprachlichen und nicht-sprachlichen Sinn zielt.

Regel --- Regelfolgen --- Wissen --- Intellektualismus --- Anti-Intellektualismus --- Fähigkeiten --- Normativität --- Hermeneutik --- rule --- rule-following --- know-how --- propositional knowledge --- intellectualism --- anti-intellectualism --- abilities --- concepts --- normativity --- hermeneutics

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In Trying Biology, Adam R. Shapiro convincingly dispels many conventional assumptions about the 1925 Scopes "monkey" trial. Most view it as an event driven primarily by a conflict between science and religion. Countering this, Shapiro shows the importance of timing: the Scopes trial occurred at a crucial moment in the history of biology textbook publishing, education reform in Tennessee, and progressive school reform across the country. He places the trial in this broad context-alongside American Protestant antievolution sentiment-and in doing so sheds new light on the trial and the historical relationship of science and religion in America. For the first time we see how religious objections to evolution became a prevailing concern to the American textbook industry even before the Scopes trial began. Shapiro explores both the development of biology textbooks leading up to the trial and the ways in which the textbook industry created new books and presented them as "responses" to the trial. Today, the controversy continues over textbook warning labels, making Shapiro's study-particularly as it plays out in one of America's most famous trials-an original contribution to a timely discussion.

Biology publishing --- Biology --- Evolution (Biology) --- Religion and science --- History. --- Textbooks --- Study and teaching --- Scopes, John Thomas --- Trials, litigation, etc. --- scopes trial, evolution, biology, science, textbooks, antievolution movement, schools, education, religion, tennessee, reform, protestantism, christianity, litigation, history, nonfiction, publishers, authors, politics, common core, standards, creationism, indoctrination, government control, william jennings bryan, high school, sales, capitalism, opportunism, anti-intellectualism, parochialism, greed, graft.

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Why did Donald Trump follow Barack Obama into the White House? Why is America so polarized? And how does American exceptionalism explain these social changes? In this provocative book, Mugambi Jouet describes why Americans are far more divided than other Westerners over basic issues, including wealth inequality, health care, climate change, evolution, gender roles, abortion, gay rights, sex, gun control, mass incarceration, the death penalty, torture, human rights, and war. Raised in Paris by a French mother and Kenyan father, Jouet then lived in the Bible Belt, Manhattan, and beyond. Drawing inspiration from Alexis de Tocqueville, he wields his multicultural sensibility to parse how the intense polarization of U.S. conservatives and liberals has become a key dimension of American exceptionalism-an idea widely misunderstood as American superiority. While exceptionalism once was a source of strength, it may now spell decline, as unique features of U.S. history, politics, law, culture, religion, and race relations foster grave conflicts. They also shed light on the intriguing ideological evolution of American conservatism, which long predated Trumpism. Anti-intellectualism, conspiracy-mongering, a visceral suspicion of government, and Christian fundamentalism are far more common in America than the rest of the Western world-Europe, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Exceptional America dissects the American soul, in all of its peculiar, clashing, and striking manifestations.

Exceptionalism --- National characteristics, American. --- United States --- Social policy. --- Economic policy. --- Politics and government --- abortion. --- american exceptionalism. --- anti intellectualism. --- capital punishment. --- christian fundamentalism. --- climate change. --- conservatives. --- conspiracies. --- criminal justice. --- death penalty. --- evolution. --- gay rights. --- gender roles. --- global warming. --- government. --- gun control. --- health care. --- human rights. --- lgbtq. --- liberals. --- mass incarceration. --- nonfiction. --- polarization. --- political divide. --- political science. --- politics. --- presidents. --- prison reform. --- public policy. --- reproductive rights. --- social issues. --- torture. --- trust in government. --- war. --- wealth inequality.

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"Higher education is a central institution in U.S. democracy. In the 2010s, however, many states that spent previous decades building up their higher education systems began to tear them down. Growing hostility toward higher education reflected changing social forces that remade the politics of U.S. higher education. The political Right became increasingly reliant on angry white voters as higher education became more racially diverse. The Republican party became more closely connected to extremely wealthy donors as higher education became more costly. In Wrecked, Barrett J. Taylor shows how these social changes set a collision course for the Right and higher education. These attacks fed a policy agenda of deinstitutionalization, which encompassed stark divestment from higher education but was primarily characterized by an attack on the institution's social foundation of public trust. In response to these attacks, higher education officials have offered a series of partial defenses that helped higher education to cope in the short-term but did nothing to defend the institution itself against the long-term threat of declining public trust. The failure to address underlying issues of mistrust allowed conflict to escalate to the point at which many states are now wrecking their public higher education systems. Wrecked offers a unique and compelling perspective linking higher education policymaking to broader social and political forces acting in the twenty-first century"--

U.S. states --- Right and left (Political science) --- Deinstitutionalization --- Education, Higher --- Public universities and colleges --- Higher education and state --- Universities and colleges --- College students --- Higher education --- Postsecondary education --- Community-based corrections --- Community health services --- Institutional care --- Left (Political science) --- Left and right (Political science) --- Right (Political science) --- Political science --- Politics and government. --- States --- Finance. --- Political aspects --- Education --- education, higher education, college, university, policy, politics, education policy, state higher education, democracy, political Right, conservatives, funding, deinstitutionalization, social change, culture wars, trust, anti-intellectualism, Arizona, Wisconsin, North Carolina, Iowa, diversity, race, agenda, public trust, hostility.

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Modern technology has eliminated barriers posed by geographic distances between people around the globe, making the world more interdependent. However, in spite of global collaboration within research domains, fragmentation among research fields persists and even escalates. Disintegrated knowledge has become subservient to the competition in the technological and economic race, leading in the direction chosen not by reason and intellect but rather by the preferences of politics and markets. To restore the authority of knowledge in guiding humanity, we have to reconnect its scattered isolated parts and offer an evolving and diverse but shared vision of objective reality connecting the sciences and other knowledge domains and informed by and in communication with ethical and esthetic thinking and being. This collection of articles responds to the second call from the journal Philosophies to build a new, networked world of knowledge with domain specialists from different disciplines interacting and connecting with the rest of the knowledge-producing and knowledge-consuming communities in an inclusive, extended natural-philosophic, human-centric manner. In this process of reconnection, scientific and philosophical investigations enrich each other, with sciences informing philosophies about the best current knowledge of the world, both natural and human-made, while philosophies scrutinize the ontological, epistemological, and methodological foundations of sciences.

Philosophy --- Number world --- spurious law --- emergent law --- dialectics --- epistemon --- information --- logic in reality --- natural philosophy --- ontolon --- semiotics --- ontology --- BFO --- tropes --- applied philosophy --- thought-experiment --- libero arbitrio --- freedom of will --- knowledge synthesis --- epistemology --- breakthrough knowledge --- domain-specific knowledge --- web-based search --- grounded theory --- Bradford Hill criteria --- association --- causation --- mediation --- naturalistic epistemology --- knowledge how --- knowledge that --- anti-intellectualism --- intellectualism --- practical grasp --- cognitive science --- physical information --- abstract information --- physical phenomena --- abstract entities --- learning --- learning to learn --- deep learning --- information processing --- natural computing --- morphological computing --- info-computation --- connectionism --- symbolism --- cognition --- robotics --- artificial intelligence --- contemporary natural philosophy --- idola mentis --- scientific methodology --- quantitative and qualitative methods --- structural analysis --- abstraction --- complexity --- knowledge --- naturalism --- slips --- basic activities --- philosophy of nature --- unity of knowledge --- Number world --- spurious law --- emergent law --- dialectics --- epistemon --- information --- logic in reality --- natural philosophy --- ontolon --- semiotics --- ontology --- BFO --- tropes --- applied philosophy --- thought-experiment --- libero arbitrio --- freedom of will --- knowledge synthesis --- epistemology --- breakthrough knowledge --- domain-specific knowledge --- web-based search --- grounded theory --- Bradford Hill criteria --- association --- causation --- mediation --- naturalistic epistemology --- knowledge how --- knowledge that --- anti-intellectualism --- intellectualism --- practical grasp --- cognitive science --- physical information --- abstract information --- physical phenomena --- abstract entities --- learning --- learning to learn --- deep learning --- information processing --- natural computing --- morphological computing --- info-computation --- connectionism --- symbolism --- cognition --- robotics --- artificial intelligence --- contemporary natural philosophy --- idola mentis --- scientific methodology --- quantitative and qualitative methods --- structural analysis --- abstraction --- complexity --- knowledge --- naturalism --- slips --- basic activities --- philosophy of nature --- unity of knowledge