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Uprkos postojanju normativnog i institucionalnog okvira za suzbijanje korupcije, istraživanja su pokazala da u posljednjih dvadeset godina ona ostaje sveprisutna pojava u bosanskohercegovačkom društvu. Rezultati Indeksa percepcije korupcije (CPI) Transparency Internationala, koji mjeri percipirani nivo korupcije u javnom sektoru u zemljama širom svijeta, u kontekstu Bosne i Hercegovine (BiH) kontinuirano su nezadovoljavajući. Prema podacima za 2016. godinu, BiH se, od ukupno 176 država obuhvaćenih istraživanjem, nalazi na 83. mjestu. Prostor za optimizam ne nude ni nalazi Globalnog barometra korupcije Transparency Internationala za 2016. godinu, prema kojem 82% građana BiH rad vlasti u borbi protiv korupcije ocjenjuje negativno, svrstavajući zemlju među četiri najgore ocijenjene države u ovoj kategoriji, zajedno sa Ukrajinom, Moldavijom i Španijom. Ovakva statistika ne ide u prilog zahtjevima za integraciju BiH u Evropsku uniju, posebno imajući u vidu proširenje strukturiranog dijaloga o pravosuđu i na oblast korupcije, a koji uključuju usklađivanje antikoruptivnih zakonskih akata sa međunarodnim dokumentima u ovoj oblasti, te jačanje institucija koje imaju ulogu i ovlaštenja u borbi protiv korupcije. U tom smislu, posebno je značajna uloga pravosuđa, koje ima zadatak da, pored ostalog, vrši nadzor nad zakonitim djelovanjem svih drugih javnih institucija. Iz tog su razloga brojne inicijative domaćih aktera i međunarodnih donatora u prethodnoj deceniji bile usmjerene na pružanje podrške pravosudnim institucijama u postupanju povodom najkompleksnijih oblika kriminala, uključujući i predmete korupcije. Uprkos tome, nalazi iz posljednja tri izvještaja Evropske komisije o napretku Bosne i Hercegovine na putu eurointegracija ukazuju na to da je politička volja za borbu protiv korupcije i dalje nedostatna i uglavnom deklarativna. U tim izvještajima se također navodi da je ukupni nivo efikasnih istraga, krivičnih gonjenja i osuđujućih presuda za koruptivna krivična djela kontinuirano nizak, uz kaznenu politiku koja ne djeluje odvraćajuće na počinioce tih djela. Procesuiranje predmeta korupcije smatra se efikasnim ukoliko ih pravosudni sistem rješava na profesionalan i nezavisan način, bez nerazumnih odlaganja i zaostataka. Takvo postupanje i reagiranje pravosuđa u predmetima korupcije nužno je za ostvarivanje prava na pravično suđenje, ali je i preduslov za povjerenje građana u vladavinu prava i pravosudne institucije. No, to je istovremeno i dosta kompleksan zadatak. U Antikorupcijskom izvještaju Evropske unije navodi se da nedostatak kapaciteta, ali i odlučnosti pravosuđa u procesuiranju predmeta korupcije dovodi do pretjerano dugih postupaka, što u konačnici može rezultirati i zastarom tih predmeta. Osim toga, identificiran je i problem praktične primjene proceduralnih pravila na način koji može dovesti do značajnih odlaganja, koja su u nekim slučajevima usmjerena i na izbjegavanje okončanja sudskih postupaka. Efikasnost i kvalitet rada pravosuđa u postupanju povodom koruptivnih krivičnih predmeta u BiH je teško ocjenjivati, kada se uzme u obzir nedostatak pouzdanih, sveobuhvatnih i dostupnih podataka, te sistematične procjene kvalitativnog aspekta odgovora pravosuđa na korupciju. Godišnji izvještaji o radu Visokog sudskog i tužilačkog vijeća (VSTV), koji su dostupni javnosti, nude uvid u broj podignutih optužnica u predmetima korupcije, dok drugi bitni podaci, kao što su npr. broj pokrenutih istraga, potvrđenih optužnica ili pravosnažnih presuda u predmetima korupcije izostaju. Iako je tim podacima moguće pristupiti formalnim putem, po osnovu važećih zakona o slobodi pristupa informacijama, takav je pristup nedostatan za procjenu efikasnosti institucija u procesuiranju korupcije. Osim toga, formalni proces pristupa informacijama nerijetko je dugotrajan, što dodatno komplicira činjenica da VSTV u pravilu ne prikuplja niti sortira podatke koji se odnose specifično na procesuiranje korupcije pred pravosudnim institucijama u BiH. Ovaj izvještaj nastao je upravo iz potrebe da se praznina u pogledu dostupnih pouzdanih podataka u ovoj oblasti popuni. Temeljni cilj izvještaja jest na sistematičan i metodološki rigorozan način utvrditi kvalitet odgovora pravosuđa na korupciju u BiH. Izvještaj se zasniva na rezultatima istraživanja provedenog tokom 2016. i 2017. godine, u kojem su učestvovali predstavnici pravosudne zajednice u BiH, te nezavisni eksperti u oblasti korupcije, a čiji je osnovni cilj bio evaluirati rad pravosuđa na svim nivoima u BiH u postupanju povodom predmeta korupcije. Pored upotrebe kvantitativnih podataka o procesuiranju korupcije u BiH iz zvaničnih izvora (VSTVBiH), ovaj izvještaj prvi put nudi komplementaran uvid u sudsku praksu iz oblasti koruptivnih krivičnih djela. Analizom sadržaja optužnica i pravosnažnih presuda u odabranim predmetima korupcije, ovaj dokument omogućava dublje i sistematičnije razumijevanje izazova s kojima se pravosudni sistem suočava u oblasti procesuiranja korupcije, a posebno u odnosu na vlastite kapacitete da se nosi s tom kompleksnom problematikom. Konačno, izvještaj nudi novi, sveobuhvatni metodološki pristup za procjenu kvaliteta odgovora pravosuđa na korupciju, koji nadograđuje postojeće istraživačke napore u ovoj oblasti u BiH i drugim zemljama. Ovaj dokument ujedno predstavlja i prvi pilot-izvještaj, kao svojevrsni uvod u planiranu seriju redovnih godišnjih izvještaja o ovoj tematici. U tom smislu, ovaj izvještaj treba shvatiti kao važan, ali ne i posljednji korak u razvoju metodologije i u sistematiziranju podataka relevantnih za razumijevanje i ocjenu odgovora pravosuđa u BiH na korupciju, te će i metodologija i prezentacija nalaza svakako postati sofisticiranija u narednim godinama. U nastavku izvještaja najprije slijede opća razmatranja o rijetkim dostupnim istraživanjima i metodologijama koje se bave odgovorom pravosuđa na korupciju u BiH. Nakon toga se predstavlja problematika transparentnosti pravosuđa u ovoj oblasti, s posebnim fokusom na dostupnost informacija o postupcima za koruptivna krivična djela. U četvrtom poglavlju predstavljeni su rezultati statističke obrade podataka o procesuiranju korupcije u BiH u 2015. godini, nakon čega su prezentirani i rezultati analize konkretnih pravosudnih akata. Na kraju, zaključna razmatranja sumiraju ambiciju i ograničenja ovog istraživanja, kao i njegove ključne nalaze, te upućuju na daljnja istraživanja i analize koje je u ovoj oblasti neophodno provesti kako bi se bolje sagledao rad pravosuđa u BiH u domenu borbe protiv korupcije.

Present Times (2010 - today) --- Corruption - Transparency - Anti-Corruption --- Court case --- Bosnia and Herzegovina --- Politics and government.

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Information warfare has a long tradition in Russia. Over the past few years it has been redefined, using geopolitical theory as its foundation. According to this theory, information warfare is a means used by the state to achieve its ends in international, regional and domestic politics and also to gain geopolitical advantage. Geopolitics has also provided Russia with ideological arguments in its strategy for rivalry with the West. As opposed to the ideology of liberalism, it promotes a “neoconservative post-liberal power struggling for a just multipolar world, defending tradition, conservative values and true liberty.” It provides an explanation for the internal crisis in Ukraine and grounds for the annexation of Crimea by Russia in the context of rivalry between ‘Eurasian civilisation’ and the ‘US-led Atlantic civilisation.’ // This text is an attempt to reconstruct an outline of the information warfare theory based on the writings of the leading representatives of Russian geopolitics, Igor Panarin and Aleksandr Dugin, and also its applied use during the operation in Crimea.

Politics / Political Sciences --- Politics --- Geopolitics --- Corruption - Transparency - Anti-Corruption --- Crimea (Ukraine) --- History

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After completing the transition from military to civilian rule, Nigeria began a comprehensive anti-corruption campaign in 1999. Some of the reforms included the establishment of new anti-corruption agencies, a comprehensive reform of the public sector, and a global search for (looted) funds stashed away in other countries. Despite being unprecedented in many ways, the implementation of these programmes soon faced numerous challenges. Among the most obvious was the lack of capacity among some of the major institutions charged with the implementation of the reforms due to inadequate financial support, limited human resources, legal lacunas, an ineffective criminal justice system and constitutional immunity granted to key officials. To this can be added a weak civil society and the non-engagement of sub-national authorities (states and local governments), that together suggest the glaring absence of an internal political coalition against corruption.

Political Science Public Admin. & Development --- corruption --- anti-corruption policy --- Obasanjo administration --- Nigerian politics --- administrative reforms --- government policy

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Governments have been using technology to modernize the public sector for decades. The World Bank Group (WBG) has been a partner in this process, providing both financing and technical assistance to facilitate countries' digital transformation journeys since the 1980s. The WBG launched the GovTech Initiative in 2019 to support the latest generation of these reforms. Over the past five years, developing countries have increasingly requested WBG support to design even more advanced digital transformation programs. These programs will help to increase government efficiency and improve the access to and the quality of service delivery, provide more government-to-citizen and government-to-business communications, enhance transparency and reduce corruption, improve governance and oversight, and modernize core government operations. The GovTech Initiative appropriately responds to this growing demand. The GovTech Maturity Index (GTMI) measures the key aspects of four GovTech focus areas-supporting core government systems, enhancing service delivery, mainstreaming citizen engagement, and fostering GovTech enablers-and assists advisers and practitioners in the design of new digital transformation projects. Constructed for 198 economies using consistent data sources, the GTMI is the most comprehensive measure of digital transformation in the public sector. Several similar indices and indicators are available in the public domain to measure aspects of digital government-including the United Nations e-Government Development Index, the WBG's Digital Adoption Index, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Digital Government Index. These indices, however, do not fully capture the aspects of emphasis in the GovTech approach-the whole-of-government approach and citizen centricity-as key when assessing the use of digital solutions for public sector modernization. The GTMI is not intended to be an assessment of readiness or performance; rather, it is intended to complement the existing tools and diagnostics by providing a baseline and a benchmark for GovTech maturity and by offering insights to those areas that have room for improvement. The GTMI is designed to be used by practitioners, policy makers, and task teams involved in the design of digital transformation strategies and individual projects, as well as by those who seek to understand their own practices and learn from those of others.

Anti-Corruption --- Cityzen Engagement --- Digital Data --- Digital Insfrastructure --- Digital Technology --- E-Government --- Governance Data --- Government --- Govetech --- Technology --- Transparency

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The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) is an international standard to promote open and accountable management of natural resources. By encouraging governments, extractive companies, civil society and the public to engage in discourse around transparency of the extractive sector, it aims to facilitate the management of a country's natural resource wealth to benefit all its citizens. The EITI is implemented at the national level. As of June 2016, 51 countries are implementing the EITI in accordance with the 2016 EITI Standard. Since its inception, EITI implementing countries have published EITI Reports covering more than 300 fiscal years. This report provides format options and recommendations for data output for EITI Requirements listed under the 2016 EITI Standard. These recommendations are based on identifying commonly used and evolving data categories under each Requirement and spell out qualitative and quantitative data formats. Where international standards are available and where these are emerging, the report uses these as its basis of recommendations. The recommendations for data outputs are meant to compliment the narrative provided within the Country Report, and is not to be considered a replacement for other reporting requirements under the EITI. The objective of this report is to present, in a structured form, data categories and their reporting formats, that can be used to standardize information generated under each EITI Requirement. The review conducted for this study included a sample of recent EITI Country Reports, as well as other initiatives and industry standards. These recommendations should be considered as a contribution in the efforts towards standardizing data reporting under EITI Requirements, and need to be tested to identify issues with data collection under the headings as categorized in this report.

Energy --- Energy Policies & Economics --- Energy Sector Regulation --- Environment and Natural Resource Management --- Fiscal Policy --- Legal Reform --- Mining --- Oil & Gas --- Other Accountability/anti-Corruption --- Public Sector Governance