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The book contains nine articles on the subject of diagnosis and treatment of macular edema due to different causes. It presents both reviews of current recommendations of macular edema treatment as well as original research on specific forms of that entity.

angiogenesis --- angiopoietin-1 --- central serous chorioretinopathy --- proangiogenic factors --- combined treatment --- subthreshold diode micropulse --- anti-VEGF treatment --- diabetic macular edema --- retinal vein occlusion --- Coats disease --- peripheral retinal telangiectasia --- laser photocoagulation --- hypotony maculopathy --- complications of antiglaucoma surgery --- bleb compressive sutures --- age-related macular degeneration --- AMD --- proteomics --- tear film --- tear film proteome --- protein clearance --- neovascularization --- neovascular AMD --- macular edema --- uveitis --- uveitic complications --- non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs --- steroids --- biologic treatment --- Irvine–Gass syndrome --- cystoid macular edema --- pseudophakic cystoid macular edema --- NSAIDs corticosteroids --- anti-VEGF --- intravitreal injections --- intravitreal agents --- best corrected visual acuity --- central retinal thickness --- adverse drug reactions --- intravitreal drug expenses

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This reprint includes contributions from leaders in the field of personalized medicine in ophthalmology. The contributions are diverse and cover pre-clinical and clinical topics. We hope you enjoy reading the articles.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- subthreshold micropulse laser --- 577-nm laser --- laser fixed parameters --- diabetic retinopathy --- diabetic macular edema --- optical coherence tomography --- autofluorescence --- real-life --- diabetic macular oedema --- visual prognosis --- indicators --- personalized medicine --- age-related macular degeneration --- choroidal neovascularization --- classification --- machine learning --- type 2 diabetes --- retinopathy --- ethnicity --- general practice --- risk factors --- progression --- glycemic gap --- glucose variability --- ETDRS classification --- biomarkers --- phenotypes --- anti-vascular endothelial growth factor --- diabetic retinopathy severity scale --- panretinal leakage index --- neovascular age-related macular degeneration --- anti-VEGF therapy --- retinal thickness --- visual acuity --- variability --- leakage index --- microaneurysms --- intravitreal aflibercept --- neovascularization --- ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography --- retinal imaging --- quantitative biomarkers --- precision medicine --- autoantibodies --- AT1-receptor --- PAR1 --- VEGF-A --- VEGF-B --- VEGF-receptor 2 --- AMD --- complement system --- semi-quantitative multiplex profilin --- mass spectrometry --- C4 --- vitronectin --- factor I --- genetic variants --- metabolites --- HDL --- central area thickness --- biomarker --- microRNA --- anti-VEGF --- retina --- edema --- OCT --- tomography --- microphysiological systems --- blood-neural barriers --- neurovascular unit --- disease modeling --- 3D models --- organ-on-a-chip --- inner blood-retinal barrier --- n/a

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This reprint includes contributions from leaders in the field of personalized medicine in ophthalmology. The contributions are diverse and cover pre-clinical and clinical topics. We hope you enjoy reading the articles.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- subthreshold micropulse laser --- 577-nm laser --- laser fixed parameters --- diabetic retinopathy --- diabetic macular edema --- optical coherence tomography --- autofluorescence --- real-life --- diabetic macular oedema --- visual prognosis --- indicators --- personalized medicine --- age-related macular degeneration --- choroidal neovascularization --- classification --- machine learning --- type 2 diabetes --- retinopathy --- ethnicity --- general practice --- risk factors --- progression --- glycemic gap --- glucose variability --- ETDRS classification --- biomarkers --- phenotypes --- anti-vascular endothelial growth factor --- diabetic retinopathy severity scale --- panretinal leakage index --- neovascular age-related macular degeneration --- anti-VEGF therapy --- retinal thickness --- visual acuity --- variability --- leakage index --- microaneurysms --- intravitreal aflibercept --- neovascularization --- ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography --- retinal imaging --- quantitative biomarkers --- precision medicine --- autoantibodies --- AT1-receptor --- PAR1 --- VEGF-A --- VEGF-B --- VEGF-receptor 2 --- AMD --- complement system --- semi-quantitative multiplex profilin --- mass spectrometry --- C4 --- vitronectin --- factor I --- genetic variants --- metabolites --- HDL --- central area thickness --- biomarker --- microRNA --- anti-VEGF --- retina --- edema --- OCT --- tomography --- microphysiological systems --- blood-neural barriers --- neurovascular unit --- disease modeling --- 3D models --- organ-on-a-chip --- inner blood-retinal barrier --- subthreshold micropulse laser --- 577-nm laser --- laser fixed parameters --- diabetic retinopathy --- diabetic macular edema --- optical coherence tomography --- autofluorescence --- real-life --- diabetic macular oedema --- visual prognosis --- indicators --- personalized medicine --- age-related macular degeneration --- choroidal neovascularization --- classification --- machine learning --- type 2 diabetes --- retinopathy --- ethnicity --- general practice --- risk factors --- progression --- glycemic gap --- glucose variability --- ETDRS classification --- biomarkers --- phenotypes --- anti-vascular endothelial growth factor --- diabetic retinopathy severity scale --- panretinal leakage index --- neovascular age-related macular degeneration --- anti-VEGF therapy --- retinal thickness --- visual acuity --- variability --- leakage index --- microaneurysms --- intravitreal aflibercept --- neovascularization --- ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography --- retinal imaging --- quantitative biomarkers --- precision medicine --- autoantibodies --- AT1-receptor --- PAR1 --- VEGF-A --- VEGF-B --- VEGF-receptor 2 --- AMD --- complement system --- semi-quantitative multiplex profilin --- mass spectrometry --- C4 --- vitronectin --- factor I --- genetic variants --- metabolites --- HDL --- central area thickness --- biomarker --- microRNA --- anti-VEGF --- retina --- edema --- OCT --- tomography --- microphysiological systems --- blood-neural barriers --- neurovascular unit --- disease modeling --- 3D models --- organ-on-a-chip --- inner blood-retinal barrier

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In this reprint, we hope to review the basics and highlight the latest developments in AMD. This demonstrates the benefits of the international scientific community working on this disease, to limit its negative impacts, the most vital of which is the loss of visual function, leading to a loss of autonomy and a decrease in patients’ quality of life.

Medicine --- aflibercept monotherapy --- polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy --- neovascular age-related macular degeneration --- good baseline visual acuity --- ForeseeHome AMD Monitoring System® --- AREDS2-HOME study --- age-related macular degeneration --- exudation --- optical coherence tomography angiography --- anti-vascular endothelial growth factor --- brolucizumab --- epithelial tear --- optical coherence tomography --- Sorsby’s fundus dystrophy --- Sorsby --- hereditary retinal dystrophy --- choroidal neovascularisation --- macular neovascularization --- anti-VEGF treatment --- long-term FU --- treatment outcome --- emerging treatment --- neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) --- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) --- cataract surgery --- clinical trials --- real-world evidence --- AMD --- oct-angiography --- fellow eye --- choriocapillaris --- quiescent macular neovascularization --- ranibizumab --- aflibercept --- anti-VEGF --- visual acuity --- reading acuity --- disease activity --- treatment change --- treat and extend --- switch therapy --- retina --- choroidal neovascularization --- angiogenesis --- meteorin --- therapeutic innovation --- prevention --- nutrients --- lifestyle --- treatment-naive --- anti–vascular endothelial growth factor --- cardiovascular risk factors --- arterial hypertension --- macula-off rhegmatogenous detachment --- superficial perifoveal capillary plexus --- retinal deep perifoveal capillary plexus --- identification --- risk --- Delphi --- STARS® --- food supplement --- bevacizumab --- meta-analysis --- meta-regression --- n/a --- age-related macular degeneration (AMD) --- comparative therapies --- effectiveness --- intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor --- treat-and-extend --- pro re nata regimen --- Sorsby's fundus dystrophy

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Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a multi-factorial progressive optic neuropathy characterized by retinal ganglion cell degeneration and progressive visual field loss which, if left untreated, may lead to blindness. Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) is considered to be the main risk factor for developing POAG, and its reduction has been shown to correlate with a decrease in glaucoma incidence and progression. Considering that fewer than 10% of the subjects with ocular hypertension (OHT) will develop morphological and/or functional glaucomatous damage within 5 years if not treated, glaucoma causes and molecular changes leading to ocular tissue damage in glaucoma are still largely unknown. The contemporary treatment of POAG is mainly oriented towards reducing IOP; the importance of the IOP reduction in other types of glaucoma, such as the “normal pressure glaucoma”, is still discussed. The IOP value is maintained by balancing the amount of fluid contained within the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye; our comprehension of the mechanisms underlying the secretion and active and passive outflow of the aqueous humor is extremely important for improving the treatment of glaucoma. Innovative pharmacological approaches, and laser and surgical procedures aiming to reduce IOP, have been developed in recent years. This book provides a compendium of topics regarding IOP, aqueous humor dynamics, tonometry, and medical and surgical techniques developed to reduce the IOP in subjects with ocular hypertension or glaucoma.

Medicine --- intraocular pressure --- serum calcium --- female --- ab interno trabeculotomy --- glaucoma --- incision in the Schlemm's canal in degrees --- post-surgical complication --- neuroretinal rim reversal --- Bruch's membrane opening-minimum rim width --- trabeculectomy --- refractive error --- neuroretina --- myopia --- intraocular pressure (IOP) --- tonometry --- Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT) --- central corneal thickness (CCT) --- ocular hypertension --- higher-order aberrations --- Kahook Dual Blade --- age --- central corneal thickness --- Goldmann Applanation tonometer --- non-contact tonometer --- rebound tonometer --- iCare --- open angle glaucoma (OAG) --- Schlemm's canal viscodilation --- OMNI viscosurgical system --- minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries (MIGS) --- trabeculotomy --- cataract extraction --- aqueous humor --- GDF15 --- serum --- intravitreal injection --- anti-VEGF agents --- trabecular meshwork --- Matrigel --- 3D culture --- outflow --- cytoskeleton --- rho-kinase inhibitor --- prostaglandin analog --- childhood glaucoma --- aphakia --- pseudophakia --- cataract surgery --- lensectomy --- management (or therapy) --- glaucoma drainage device --- cyclodestruction --- corneal biomechanics --- ocular response analyzer --- ORA --- corneal hysteresis --- non-penetrating deep sclerectomy --- Esnoper V-2000 implant --- glucocorticoids --- safety profile --- intranasal administration --- inhaled administration --- systemic administration --- steroid response --- canaloplasty --- non-perforating surgical procedures --- pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PEXG) --- Schlemm's canal --- phase-sensitive optical coherent tomography --- pulsatile motion --- IOP fluctuation --- primary open-angle glaucoma --- intraocular pressure measurement --- iCare tonometry --- Perkins tonometry --- standardized anaesthesia --- corneal thickness --- progression --- risk stratification --- XEN GelStent --- corneal resistance factor --- open-angle glaucoma --- laser treatment --- dropless treatment --- thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy --- extraocular muscle --- magnetic resonance imaging --- T2 relaxation time --- intraocular pressure --- serum calcium --- female --- ab interno trabeculotomy --- glaucoma --- incision in the Schlemm's canal in degrees --- post-surgical complication --- neuroretinal rim reversal --- Bruch's membrane opening-minimum rim width --- trabeculectomy --- refractive error --- neuroretina --- myopia --- intraocular pressure (IOP) --- tonometry --- Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT) --- central corneal thickness (CCT) --- ocular hypertension --- higher-order aberrations --- Kahook Dual Blade --- age --- central corneal thickness --- Goldmann Applanation tonometer --- non-contact tonometer --- rebound tonometer --- iCare --- open angle glaucoma (OAG) --- Schlemm's canal viscodilation --- OMNI viscosurgical system --- minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries (MIGS) --- trabeculotomy --- cataract extraction --- aqueous humor --- GDF15 --- serum --- intravitreal injection --- anti-VEGF agents --- trabecular meshwork --- Matrigel --- 3D culture --- outflow --- cytoskeleton --- rho-kinase inhibitor --- prostaglandin analog --- childhood glaucoma --- aphakia --- pseudophakia --- cataract surgery --- lensectomy --- management (or therapy) --- glaucoma drainage device --- cyclodestruction --- corneal biomechanics --- ocular response analyzer --- ORA --- corneal hysteresis --- non-penetrating deep sclerectomy --- Esnoper V-2000 implant --- glucocorticoids --- safety profile --- intranasal administration --- inhaled administration --- systemic administration --- steroid response --- canaloplasty --- non-perforating surgical procedures --- pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PEXG) --- Schlemm's canal --- phase-sensitive optical coherent tomography --- pulsatile motion --- IOP fluctuation --- primary open-angle glaucoma --- intraocular pressure measurement --- iCare tonometry --- Perkins tonometry --- standardized anaesthesia --- corneal thickness --- progression --- risk stratification --- XEN GelStent --- corneal resistance factor --- open-angle glaucoma --- laser treatment --- dropless treatment --- thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy --- extraocular muscle --- magnetic resonance imaging --- T2 relaxation time