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The use of ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) has accelerated over the past two decades in a wide variety of industrial processes (electrodialysis, electro-electrodialysis, electrolysis, dialysis, etc.) for applications related to chemical, pharmaceutical and food industries, energy production, water treatments, etc. Organic and mineral fouling (or scaling) phenomena are two major factors limiting the efficiencies of IEMs processes and performances (reduction of the IEMs selectivity and stability, increase of their electrical resistance, deduction of the energy efficiency of the process, etc.) leading to significant economic losses. The current washing, cleaning and sterilization processes (anti-fouling treatments) make it possible to recover some of the IEMs performances, but frequently induce degradation on the membrane material. Another essential point in the fouling studies is the choice of the best and appropriate analysis and diagnostic technique to evaluate this or that magnitude, or observe this or that object on the surface or in the mass of the membrane. This book is focused on recent advancements in techniques for diagnosing and characterizing the fouling effects on membranes, in mechanisms governing this complex phenomenon, and in the various innovative and economically viable solutions for reducing fouling.

Technology: general issues --- ion-exchange membrane --- tartaric stabilization of wine --- enzymatic cleaning --- organic fouling --- reactive electrochemical membrane --- porous electrode --- anodic oxidation --- hydroxyl radicals --- fouling --- surface modification --- electroconvection --- voltammetry --- chronopotentiometry --- impedance spectroscopy --- electrodialysis --- deaerator --- herring milt hydrolysate --- deodorization --- off-flavors --- trimethylamine --- water dissociation --- polyaniline --- mineral scaling --- electrochemical acidification --- casein --- concentration polarization --- Reynolds number --- mode of current --- flow flush --- electrochemical impedance spectroscopy --- anion-exchange membrane --- wine --- anthocyanins --- biofouling --- food industry --- foulant identification --- fouling mechanisms --- transport --- mechanical and electrochemical properties --- modelling and experiment --- cleaning --- ion-exchange membrane --- tartaric stabilization of wine --- enzymatic cleaning --- organic fouling --- reactive electrochemical membrane --- porous electrode --- anodic oxidation --- hydroxyl radicals --- fouling --- surface modification --- electroconvection --- voltammetry --- chronopotentiometry --- impedance spectroscopy --- electrodialysis --- deaerator --- herring milt hydrolysate --- deodorization --- off-flavors --- trimethylamine --- water dissociation --- polyaniline --- mineral scaling --- electrochemical acidification --- casein --- concentration polarization --- Reynolds number --- mode of current --- flow flush --- electrochemical impedance spectroscopy --- anion-exchange membrane --- wine --- anthocyanins --- biofouling --- food industry --- foulant identification --- fouling mechanisms --- transport --- mechanical and electrochemical properties --- modelling and experiment --- cleaning

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The use of ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) has accelerated over the past two decades in a wide variety of industrial processes (electrodialysis, electro-electrodialysis, electrolysis, dialysis, etc.) for applications related to chemical, pharmaceutical and food industries, energy production, water treatments, etc. Organic and mineral fouling (or scaling) phenomena are two major factors limiting the efficiencies of IEMs processes and performances (reduction of the IEMs selectivity and stability, increase of their electrical resistance, deduction of the energy efficiency of the process, etc.) leading to significant economic losses. The current washing, cleaning and sterilization processes (anti-fouling treatments) make it possible to recover some of the IEMs performances, but frequently induce degradation on the membrane material. Another essential point in the fouling studies is the choice of the best and appropriate analysis and diagnostic technique to evaluate this or that magnitude, or observe this or that object on the surface or in the mass of the membrane. This book is focused on recent advancements in techniques for diagnosing and characterizing the fouling effects on membranes, in mechanisms governing this complex phenomenon, and in the various innovative and economically viable solutions for reducing fouling.

ion-exchange membrane --- tartaric stabilization of wine --- enzymatic cleaning --- organic fouling --- reactive electrochemical membrane --- porous electrode --- anodic oxidation --- hydroxyl radicals --- fouling --- surface modification --- electroconvection --- voltammetry --- chronopotentiometry --- impedance spectroscopy --- electrodialysis --- deaerator --- herring milt hydrolysate --- deodorization --- off-flavors --- trimethylamine --- water dissociation --- polyaniline --- mineral scaling --- electrochemical acidification --- casein --- concentration polarization --- Reynolds number --- mode of current --- flow flush --- electrochemical impedance spectroscopy --- anion-exchange membrane --- wine --- anthocyanins --- biofouling --- food industry --- foulant identification --- fouling mechanisms --- transport --- mechanical and electrochemical properties --- modelling and experiment --- cleaning --- n/a

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Electromembrane processes offer a multitude of applications, allowing for the recovery of water, other products, and energy. This book is a collection of contributions on recent advancements in electromembrane processes attained via experiments and/or models. The first paper is a comprehensive review article on the applications of electrodialysis for wastewater treatment, highlighting current status, technical challenges, and key points for future perspectives. The second paper focuses on ZSM-5 zeolite/PVA mixed matrix CEMs with high monovalent permselectivity for recovering either acid or Li+. The third paper regards direct numerical simulations of electroconvection in an electrodialysis dilute channel with forced flow under potentiodynamic and galvanodynamic regimes. The fourth paper investigates the reasons for the formation and properties of soliton-like charge waves in overlimiting conditions. The fifth paper focuses on the characterization of AEMs functionalized by surface modification via poly(acrylic) acid yielding monovalent permselectivity for reverse electrodialysis. In the sixth paper, CFD simulations of reverse electrodialysis systems are performed. The seventh paper proposes an integrated membrane process, including electrochemical intercalation–deintercalation, for the preparation of Li2CO3 from brine with a high Mg2+/Li+ mass ratio. Finally, the eighth paper is a perspective article devoted to the acid–base flow battery with monopolar and bipolar membranes.

ion-exchange membrane --- electrodialysis --- current-voltage curve --- electroconvection --- potentiodynamic regime --- galvanodynamic regime --- numerical simulation --- ZSM-5 zeolite --- monovalent cation separation --- mixed matrix membrane --- anion exchange membranes --- poly(acrylic) acid modification --- monovalent permselective membranes --- antifouling strategies --- reverse electrodialysis --- electro-membrane process --- electrodialysis reversal --- bipolar membrane electrodialysis --- selectrodialysis --- electrodialysis metathesis --- electrodeionisation --- monovalent selective membranes --- water reuse --- brine valorisation --- mathematical modelling --- using overlimiting current modes --- membrane systems --- cation-exchange membrane --- effect of the breakdown of the space charge --- computational fluid dynamics --- power density --- factorial design --- membrane process --- Li2CO3 --- electrochemical intercalation deintercalation --- high Mg/Li brine --- flow battery --- energy storage --- bipolar membrane --- water dissociation --- n/a

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Water is a vital element for life and the environment. Water pollution has been documented as a contributor to a wide range of health problems. In recent years, the water quality levels have suffered great deterioration because of rapid social and economic development and because it is used to “dump” a wide range of pollutants.This book entitled “Membranes for Water and Wastewater Treatment” contains featured research papers dealing with recent developments and advances in all aspects related to membranes for water and wastewater treatment: membrane processes, combined processes (including one membrane step), modified membranes, new materials, and the possibility to reduce fouling and to improve the efficiency of enhanced processes. The papers compiled in this Special Issue can be read as a response to the current needs and challenges in membrane development for water and wastewater treatment.Half of the research articles correspond to concrete and practical applications of the use of membrane processes in different fields of the industry, with the aim of treating and conditioning water and wastewater. The studies reveal the treatment of industrial streams, mining, recycled paper industry, olive mill, urban wastewater, etc. Another important percentage of studies are related to membrane modification processes, with the aim of obtaining new materials with better performance in the separation processes, thus describing the use of membranes modified with chitosan, nanoparticles, and other organic compounds. This field also includes studies related to fouling and its modeling.

Technology: general issues --- aquaporin --- forward osmosis (FO) --- membrane --- scaling --- calcium --- post-treatment --- nanofiltration --- calcium-carboxyl intra-bridging --- water purification --- desalination --- ultrafiltration --- membrane fouling --- fouling model --- surface water --- coagulation --- backwash --- polyamide membrane --- carbon nitride --- seawater desalination --- mixed matrix membranes --- thin film composite --- diffusion dialysis --- anion exchange membrane --- acid recovery --- paper mill treated effluent --- optimization --- fouling --- DoE --- Taguchi method --- fouling development model --- filtration law --- pore blocking --- multiple linear regression --- statistical test --- WWTP --- renovation and upgrading --- ultrafiltration membrane --- net present value --- biofouling --- polyethersulfone --- chlorine --- membrane modification --- low-fouling surface --- anaerobic membrane bioreactor --- temperature --- membrane fouling behavior --- sludge flocs characteristics --- soluble microbial product --- extracellular polymeric substance --- DSPM model --- heavy metals --- total volume membrane charge density --- ceramic membrane --- membrane surface modification --- antifouling --- hydrophilicity --- mussel-inspired --- protein --- sulfonic cation-exchange membrane --- hydration number --- pulsed field gradient NMR --- diffusion coefficient --- ionic conductivity --- membrane module modeling --- calcium sulfate precipitation risk --- ionic rejection coefficients --- quorum sensing --- acyl homoserine lactone --- olive mill wastewater --- membrane separation process --- microfiltration --- reverse osmosis --- water recovery --- chitosan --- water content --- water permeability --- alkali treatment --- characterization --- dyes --- molecular structure --- physico-chemical properties --- filter water bag --- Dioscorea hispida --- starch --- forward osmosis membrane --- glutaraldehyde --- emergency --- cobalt(II) --- supported liquid membranes --- ultrasound --- D2EHPA --- counter-transport --- transport parameters --- modeling --- thiocyanate --- wastewater treatment --- process design --- antibiotics --- antibiotic resistance genes --- viral genomes --- wastewater effluents --- occurrence --- pilot-scale treatment --- selective separation --- ion-exchange resin --- wafer-enhanced electrodeionization --- aquaporin --- forward osmosis (FO) --- membrane --- scaling --- calcium --- post-treatment --- nanofiltration --- calcium-carboxyl intra-bridging --- water purification --- desalination --- ultrafiltration --- membrane fouling --- fouling model --- surface water --- coagulation --- backwash --- polyamide membrane --- carbon nitride --- seawater desalination --- mixed matrix membranes --- thin film composite --- diffusion dialysis --- anion exchange membrane --- acid recovery --- paper mill treated effluent --- optimization --- fouling --- DoE --- Taguchi method --- fouling development model --- filtration law --- pore blocking --- multiple linear regression --- statistical test --- WWTP --- renovation and upgrading --- ultrafiltration membrane --- net present value --- biofouling --- polyethersulfone --- chlorine --- membrane modification --- low-fouling surface --- anaerobic membrane bioreactor --- temperature --- membrane fouling behavior --- sludge flocs characteristics --- soluble microbial product --- extracellular polymeric substance --- DSPM model --- heavy metals --- total volume membrane charge density --- ceramic membrane --- membrane surface modification --- antifouling --- hydrophilicity --- mussel-inspired --- protein --- sulfonic cation-exchange membrane --- hydration number --- pulsed field gradient NMR --- diffusion coefficient --- ionic conductivity --- membrane module modeling --- calcium sulfate precipitation risk --- ionic rejection coefficients --- quorum sensing --- acyl homoserine lactone --- olive mill wastewater --- membrane separation process --- microfiltration --- reverse osmosis --- water recovery --- chitosan --- water content --- water permeability --- alkali treatment --- characterization --- dyes --- molecular structure --- physico-chemical properties --- filter water bag --- Dioscorea hispida --- starch --- forward osmosis membrane --- glutaraldehyde --- emergency --- cobalt(II) --- supported liquid membranes --- ultrasound --- D2EHPA --- counter-transport --- transport parameters --- modeling --- thiocyanate --- wastewater treatment --- process design --- antibiotics --- antibiotic resistance genes --- viral genomes --- wastewater effluents --- occurrence --- pilot-scale treatment --- selective separation --- ion-exchange resin --- wafer-enhanced electrodeionization

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This book collects 17 original research papers and 9 reviews that are part of the Special Issue “Cellular Oxidative Stress”, published in the journal Antioxidants. Oxidative stress on a cellular level affects the function of tissues and organs and may eventually lead to disease. Therefore, a precise understanding of how oxidative stress develops and can be counteracted is of utmost importance. The scope of the book is to emphasize the latest findings on the cellular targets of oxidative stress and the potential beneficial effect of antioxidants on human health.

Medicine --- neuroinflammation --- clinical --- palmitoylethanolamide --- luteolin --- co-ultramicronization --- CNS pathology --- adaptive immune response --- cell homeostasis --- legumes --- liver --- hepatic steatosis --- lipid dyshomeostasis --- ROS --- traumatic brain injury --- palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) --- therapeutic strategies --- oxidative stress. --- RNA-Seq --- RPE --- Retinitis pigmentosa --- A2E --- diabetes --- glucose exposure --- oxidative stress --- Band 3 protein --- erythrocytes --- SO42− --- 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal --- 3-glutathionyl-4-hydroxynonanal --- astrocytoma cells --- soy --- soybeans --- soy foods --- antioxidants --- reactive oxygen species --- cardiovascular diseases --- cancer --- paw edema --- cashew nuts --- antioxidant --- inflammation --- polyphenols --- analgesic --- d-Galactose --- glycation --- SO42− uptake --- anion exchange --- diseases --- immune system --- NF-κB --- cigarette smoke extract --- nasal fibroblasts --- tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases --- matrix metalloproteinase --- steroids --- Plasmodium falciparum --- syk kinase inhibitors --- artemisinin derivatives --- hemichromes --- cellular redox state --- mitochondrial function --- cisplatin nephrotoxicity --- acute pancreatitis --- obesity --- nitrosative stress --- PGC-1α --- microparticles --- vesiculation --- band 3 --- tert-Bytyl hydroperoxide t-BOOH --- nitric oxide donor --- calcium ionophore A23187 --- age-related macular degeneration (AMD) --- diet --- Substance-P --- adipose-derived stem cells --- paracrine factors --- epilepsy --- status epilepticus --- Trolox --- HeLa --- prooxidant --- AVD --- apoptosis --- neurodegeneration --- ncRNA --- miRNA --- tRNA fragments --- lncRNA --- circRNA --- preeclampsia --- hemostasis --- platelets --- coagulation --- fish --- mucosal immunity --- nasal immunity --- peroxide --- vitamin C --- NAC --- immunosenescence --- T cells --- vaccination --- aging --- microvascular permeability --- bradykinin --- interleukin 1β --- NADPH oxidase --- simvastatin --- molecular hydrogen --- autophagy --- matrix metalloproteinases --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- phytochemicals --- dietary chemicals --- natural compounds --- programmed cell death --- anoikis --- ferroptosis --- pyroptosis --- n/a