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The great diversity of land plants (especially angiosperms) is mainly reflected in the diversity of various reproductive organs of plants. However, despite long time intensive investigations, there are still uncertainties and sometimes misunderstandings over the nature and evolution of reproductive organs in land plants. With the new advances made in various fields of botany (especially at molecular level), there is increasing light shed on some aspects of flowers (reproductive organs of angiosperms). In this ebook, we collect 15 papers reporting new understanding on plant reproductive organs. These works range from morphology and anatomy to molecular regulatory networks underlying traditional observations. We understand this single book cannot reach our goal, but we do hope that this book can contribute to or initiate some efforts leading to the final solution of some problems concerning the homology and evolution of reproductive organs in plants.

homology --- incompatibility --- seed --- gene --- angiosperm --- insect --- evolution --- fossil --- flower --- carpel

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This book maintains that higher plants manifest some degree of sexual selection, and it begins to build a framework that unifies many features of plant reproduction previously considered unrelated. Reviewing evidence for sexual selection in plants, the authors discuss possible male-female interactions, concluding with an extensive set of hypotheses for testing.Mechanisms that could be employed in sexual selection in plants include various cellular mechanisms, such as both nuclear and cytoplasmic genetics, B chromosomes, and paternal contributions to the zygote, as well as abortion, double fertilization, delayed fertilization, and certain forms of polyembryony. This study compares the consequences of these processes for the evolution of mate choice in "gymnosperms" and angiosperms.

Plants, Sex in. --- B chromosomes. --- abortion. --- angiosperm. --- competition, male-male. --- competition, pollen. --- conflict, male-female. --- control of zygote. --- delay of fertilization. --- double fertilization. --- epigamic preference. --- ferns. --- fitness. --- gene selection. --- genetic complementarity of mates. --- gymnosperm. --- hermaphrodite. --- inbreeding. --- kin selection. --- material contributions of pollen. --- mating investment. --- multiple sperm per pollen grain. --- orchids. --- outcrossing. --- parental investment. --- pollen. --- postzygotic mate choice. --- resource limitation. --- scale of selectivity, sliding.

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"An interdisciplinary journal devoted to bioscientific research on indigenous drugs."

pharmacognosy --- Herbs --- Pharmacognosy --- Periodicals --- Angiosperms. --- Pharmacognosy. --- Pharmacognosie --- Herbes --- Herbs. --- Pharmacognosies --- Pharmacognostics --- Phytotherapy --- Medicine, Traditional --- Plants --- Plants, Medicinal --- Ethnopharmacology --- Medicine, Mongolian Traditional --- Plants, Useful --- Forbs --- Drugs --- Materia medica --- Pharmacy --- Magnoliopsida. --- Plants, Medicinal. --- Ethnopharmacology. --- Angiosperma --- Angiospermae --- Arecidae --- Asteridae --- Caryophyllidae --- Commelinidae --- Dicotyledoneae --- Dilleniidae --- Flowering Plants --- Hamamelidae --- Hamamelididae --- Icacinales --- Liliatae --- Liliidae --- Liliopsida --- Magnoliatae --- Metteniusales --- Oncothecales --- Rosidae --- Vahliales --- Zingiberidae --- Angiosperms --- Angiosperm --- Flowering Plant --- Icacinale --- Metteniusale --- Oncothecale --- Plant, Flowering --- Plants, Flowering --- Vahliale --- Ethnobotany --- Healing Plants --- Medicinal Plants --- Pharmaceutical Plants --- Herbs, Medicinal --- Medicinal Herbs --- Healing Plant --- Herb, Medicinal --- Medicinal Herb --- Medicinal Plant --- Pharmaceutical Plant --- Plant, Healing --- Plant, Medicinal --- Plant, Pharmaceutical --- Plants, Healing --- Plants, Pharmaceutical --- Pharmaceutical Preparations --- Herbal Medicine --- Magnoliopsida --- Phytotherapy. --- Angiospermes. --- Pharmacognosie. --- Angiospermae (division) --- Flowering plants --- Magnoliophyta --- Phanerogams --- Herbal Therapy --- Herb Therapy --- Materia Medica --- Plant Extracts --- Medical Marijuana --- Flower Essences

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Pollination and Floral Ecology is the most comprehensive single-volume reference to all aspects of pollination biology--and the first fully up-to-date resource of its kind to appear in decades. This beautifully illustrated book describes how flowers use colors, shapes, and scents to advertise themselves; how they offer pollen and nectar as rewards; and how they share complex interactions with beetles, birds, bats, bees, and other creatures. The ecology of these interactions is covered in depth, including the timing and patterning of flowering, competition among flowering plants to attract certain visitors and deter others, and the many ways plants and animals can cheat each other. Pollination and Floral Ecology pays special attention to the prevalence of specialization and generalization in animal-flower interactions, and examines how a lack of distinction between casual visitors and true pollinators can produce misleading conclusions about flower evolution and animal-flower mutualism. This one-of-a-kind reference also gives insights into the vital pollination services that animals provide to crops and native flora, and sets these issues in the context of today's global pollination crisis. Provides the most up-to-date resource on pollination and floral ecology Describes flower advertising features and rewards, foraging and learning by flower-visiting animals, behaviors of generalist and specialist pollinators--and more Examines the ecology and evolution of animal-flower interactions, from the molecular to macroevolutionary scale Features hundreds of color and black-and-white illustrations

Pollination --- Pollination by insects --- Pollination by animals --- Plant ecology --- Pollinisation --- Pollination. --- Pollination by insects. --- Pollination by animals. --- Plant ecology. --- Pollinisation par les insectes --- Pollinisation par les animaux --- Ecologie végétale --- Insect pollination --- Pollinization --- Botany --- Plants --- Ecology --- Animal-plant relationships --- Fertilization of plants by insects --- Fertilization of plants --- Flowers --- Phanerogams --- Pollen --- Self-incompatibility --- Pollinisation. --- Phytoecology --- Vegetation ecology --- Floristic ecology --- Diptera. --- Lepidoptera. --- Megachiroptera. --- Microchiroptera. --- abiotic pollination. --- advertisement. --- amphibian. --- anemophilous plant. --- anemophily. --- angiosperm. --- animal pollination. --- animal. --- animals. --- animalЦlower interaction. --- ant. --- bat pollination. --- bats. --- bee pollination. --- bee. --- bees. --- beetle. --- behavior. --- bird pollination. --- birds. --- bumblebee. --- butterfly. --- carrion fly. --- chiropterophily. --- color vision. --- conifer. --- cost. --- cross-fertilization. --- cross-pollination. --- diversification. --- ectotherm vertebrate. --- feeding apparatus. --- fish. --- floral color. --- floral constancy. --- floral design. --- floral display. --- floral divergence. --- floral odor. --- floral pigment. --- floral scent. --- floral sex. --- floral shape. --- floral signal. --- floral size. --- floral tissue. --- floral variation. --- flower evolution. --- flower morphology. --- flower pollination. --- flower visitor. --- flower. --- flowering. --- flowers. --- flowerаollinator interaction. --- fly pollination. --- foraging behavior. --- generalist flower. --- generalist visitor. --- grasshopper. --- hawkmoth. --- honeybee. --- hoverfly. --- hummingbird. --- hydrophily. --- inflorescence. --- insect. --- invertebrate. --- learning. --- marsupial. --- melittophily. --- monkey. --- mutualism. --- nectar biology. --- nectar concentration. --- nectar gathering. --- nectar guide. --- nectar production. --- nectar secretion. --- nectar volume. --- nectar. --- nectary. --- nonflying mammal. --- nonflying vertebrate. --- odor learning. --- oil. --- olfaction. --- olfactory signal. --- ornithophily. --- perching bird. --- phalaenophily. --- plant diversity. --- plant fertilization. --- plant mating. --- plant pollination. --- plant reproduction. --- plant sex. --- plant speciation. --- plant. --- plants. --- pollen biology. --- pollen competition. --- pollen eating. --- pollen gathering. --- pollen packaging. --- pollen. --- pollination biology. --- pollination ecology. --- pollination syndromes. --- pollination. --- pollinator effectiveness. --- pollinator. --- psychophily. --- reproductive isolation. --- resin. --- reward. --- scent. --- selection. --- self-fertilization. --- selfing. --- sexual function. --- sociality. --- specialist flower. --- specialization. --- speciation. --- sphingophily. --- stigmatic exudate. --- thrip. --- visitation pattern. --- visual signal. --- wasp. --- wax. --- wind pollination.

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Substance-Related Disorders --- Cannabaceae --- Mental Disorders --- Diseases --- Angiosperms --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Embryophyta --- Streptophyta --- Viridiplantae --- Plants --- Eukaryota --- Organisms --- Marijuana Abuse --- Cannabis --- Cannabis indica --- Cannabis sativa --- Hemp Plant --- Marihuana --- Marijuana --- Bhang --- Ganja --- Hashish --- Hemp --- Bhangs --- Cannabi --- Ganjas --- Hashishs --- Hemp Plants --- Hemps --- Plant, Hemp --- Plants, Hemp --- Medical Marijuana --- Behavior Disorders --- Diagnosis, Psychiatric --- Mental Disorders, Severe --- Psychiatric Diagnosis --- Mental Illness --- Psychiatric Diseases --- Psychiatric Disorders --- Psychiatric Illness --- Illness, Mental --- Mental Disorder --- Mental Disorder, Severe --- Mental Illnesses --- Psychiatric Disease --- Psychiatric Disorder --- Psychiatric Illnesses --- Severe Mental Disorder --- Severe Mental Disorders --- Mentally Ill Persons --- Prescription Drug Abuse --- Substance Addiction --- Chemical Dependence --- Drug Abuse --- Drug Addiction --- Drug Dependence --- Drug Habituation --- Drug Use Disorders --- Organic Mental Disorders, Substance-Induced --- Substance Abuse --- Substance Dependence --- Substance Use --- Substance Use Disorders --- Abuse, Drug --- Abuse, Prescription Drug --- Abuse, Substance --- Addiction, Drug --- Addiction, Substance --- Chemical Dependences --- Dependence, Chemical --- Dependence, Drug --- Dependence, Substance --- Dependences, Chemical --- Disorder, Drug Use --- Disorder, Substance Use --- Drug Abuse, Prescription --- Drug Use Disorder --- Habituation, Drug --- Organic Mental Disorders, Substance Induced --- Substance Abuses --- Substance Use Disorder --- Substance Uses --- Use, Substance --- Drug and Narcotic Control --- Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders --- Psychoses, Alcoholic --- Social Problems --- Illicit Drugs --- Designer Drugs --- Behavior, Addictive --- Codependency, Psychological --- Alcohol-Related Disorders --- Prescription Drug Misuse --- Angiosperma --- Angiospermae --- Arecidae --- Asteridae --- Caryophyllidae --- Commelinidae --- Dicotyledoneae --- Dilleniidae --- Flowering Plants --- Hamamelidae --- Hamamelididae --- Icacinales --- Liliatae --- Liliidae --- Liliopsida --- Magnoliatae --- Metteniusales --- Oncothecales --- Rosidae --- Vahliales --- Zingiberidae --- Angiosperm --- Flowering Plant --- Icacinale --- Metteniusale --- Oncothecale --- Plant, Flowering --- Plants, Flowering --- Vahliale --- Marihuana Abuse --- Cannabis Abuse --- Cannabis Dependence --- Cannabis-Related Disorder --- Hashish Abuse --- Marijuana Dependence --- Abuse, Cannabis --- Abuse, Hashish --- Abuse, Marihuana --- Abuse, Marijuana --- Cannabis Related Disorder --- Dependence, Cannabis --- Dependence, Marijuana --- Disorder, Cannabis-Related --- Marijuana Use --- Eucarya --- Eukarya --- Eukaryotes --- Eukaryotas --- Eukaryote --- Plant --- Botany --- Plant Proteins --- Ethnopharmacology --- Green Plants --- Green Plant --- Plant, Green --- Plants, Green --- Land Plants --- Land Plant --- Plant, Land --- Plants, Land --- Substance Related Disorder --- Disorder, Substance Related --- Disorders, Substance Related --- Related Disorder, Substance --- Related Disorders, Substance --- Psychology --- Organelles