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With recent technological advances in multiple research fields such as materials science, micro-/nano-technology, cellular and molecular biology, bioengineering and the environment, much attention is shifting toward the development of new detection tools that not only address needs for high sensitivity and specificity but fulfil economic, environmental, and rapid point-of-care needs for groups and individuals with constrained resources and, possibly, limited training. Miniaturized fluidics-based platforms that precisely manipulate tiny body fluid volumes can be used for medical, healthcare or even environmental (e.g., heavy metal detection) diagnosis in a rapid and accurate manner. These new detection technologies are potentially applicable to different healthcare or environmental issues, since they are disposable, inexpensive, portable, and easy to use for the detection of human diseases or environmental issues—especially when they are manufactured based on low-cost materials, such as paper. The topics in this book (original and review articles) would cover point-of-care detection devices, microfluidic or paper-based detection devices, new materials for making detection devices, and others.

History of engineering & technology --- sepsis --- PCT --- procalcitonin --- immunoassay --- antibiotic --- chemiluminescence --- immunofluorescence --- n/a --- origami-based paper analytic device --- origami ELISA --- IgG --- paraquat --- diabetes mellitus --- ketone bodies --- human breath --- acetone --- beta-hydroxybutyrate --- acetoacetate --- gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) --- type 2 diabetes --- diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) --- electrocardiogram (ECG) --- photoplethysmography (PPG) --- percussion entropy index (PEI) --- decision making, computer-assisted --- decision support systems, clinical --- precision medicine --- computational biology --- molecular tumor board --- cBioPortal --- requirements analysis --- neoplasms --- pH value --- diagnosis --- skin --- wound --- blood --- coagulation --- hemostasis --- point of care --- ROTEM --- TEG --- thromboelastography --- VHA --- viscoelastic testing --- partial-thickness burn injury --- burn blister fluid --- P-ELISA --- angiogenin --- burn wound healing --- Alzheimer’s disease --- β-amyloid peptide --- paper-based ELISA --- P-ELISA, point of care testing --- microfluidics --- point-of-care diagnostics --- antimicrobial resistance --- lab-on-a-chip --- capillary-driven flow --- capillary action --- detections --- smartphone imaging --- lateral flow assay --- immuno-chromatographic --- gold nanoparticles sensor --- UV/Vis spectrophotometer --- malaria pan rapid diagnostic strip --- point-of-care --- Alzheimer's disease

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With recent technological advances in multiple research fields such as materials science, micro-/nano-technology, cellular and molecular biology, bioengineering and the environment, much attention is shifting toward the development of new detection tools that not only address needs for high sensitivity and specificity but fulfil economic, environmental, and rapid point-of-care needs for groups and individuals with constrained resources and, possibly, limited training. Miniaturized fluidics-based platforms that precisely manipulate tiny body fluid volumes can be used for medical, healthcare or even environmental (e.g., heavy metal detection) diagnosis in a rapid and accurate manner. These new detection technologies are potentially applicable to different healthcare or environmental issues, since they are disposable, inexpensive, portable, and easy to use for the detection of human diseases or environmental issues—especially when they are manufactured based on low-cost materials, such as paper. The topics in this book (original and review articles) would cover point-of-care detection devices, microfluidic or paper-based detection devices, new materials for making detection devices, and others.

History of engineering & technology --- sepsis --- PCT --- procalcitonin --- immunoassay --- antibiotic --- chemiluminescence --- immunofluorescence --- origami-based paper analytic device --- origami ELISA --- IgG --- paraquat --- diabetes mellitus --- ketone bodies --- human breath --- acetone --- beta-hydroxybutyrate --- acetoacetate --- gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) --- type 2 diabetes --- diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) --- electrocardiogram (ECG) --- photoplethysmography (PPG) --- percussion entropy index (PEI) --- decision making, computer-assisted --- decision support systems, clinical --- precision medicine --- computational biology --- molecular tumor board --- cBioPortal --- requirements analysis --- neoplasms --- pH value --- diagnosis --- skin --- wound --- blood --- coagulation --- hemostasis --- point of care --- ROTEM --- TEG --- thromboelastography --- VHA --- viscoelastic testing --- partial-thickness burn injury --- burn blister fluid --- P-ELISA --- angiogenin --- burn wound healing --- Alzheimer's disease --- β-amyloid peptide --- paper-based ELISA --- P-ELISA, point of care testing --- microfluidics --- point-of-care diagnostics --- antimicrobial resistance --- lab-on-a-chip --- capillary-driven flow --- capillary action --- detections --- smartphone imaging --- lateral flow assay --- immuno-chromatographic --- gold nanoparticles sensor --- UV/Vis spectrophotometer --- malaria pan rapid diagnostic strip --- point-of-care --- sepsis --- PCT --- procalcitonin --- immunoassay --- antibiotic --- chemiluminescence --- immunofluorescence --- origami-based paper analytic device --- origami ELISA --- IgG --- paraquat --- diabetes mellitus --- ketone bodies --- human breath --- acetone --- beta-hydroxybutyrate --- acetoacetate --- gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) --- type 2 diabetes --- diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) --- electrocardiogram (ECG) --- photoplethysmography (PPG) --- percussion entropy index (PEI) --- decision making, computer-assisted --- decision support systems, clinical --- precision medicine --- computational biology --- molecular tumor board --- cBioPortal --- requirements analysis --- neoplasms --- pH value --- diagnosis --- skin --- wound --- blood --- coagulation --- hemostasis --- point of care --- ROTEM --- TEG --- thromboelastography --- VHA --- viscoelastic testing --- partial-thickness burn injury --- burn blister fluid --- P-ELISA --- angiogenin --- burn wound healing --- Alzheimer's disease --- β-amyloid peptide --- paper-based ELISA --- P-ELISA, point of care testing --- microfluidics --- point-of-care diagnostics --- antimicrobial resistance --- lab-on-a-chip --- capillary-driven flow --- capillary action --- detections --- smartphone imaging --- lateral flow assay --- immuno-chromatographic --- gold nanoparticles sensor --- UV/Vis spectrophotometer --- malaria pan rapid diagnostic strip --- point-of-care

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Antioxidative polyphenols represented by tannins and flavonoids are rich in numerous food sources and traditional natural medicines and currently attracting increased attention in health care and food industries because of their multiple biological activities that are favorable to human health. Commemorating the outstanding achievements on tannins by Dr. Takuo Okuda on the occasion of his passing away in December 2016, his colleagues, friends, and worldwide experts of polyphenol research have contributed 18 papers on their recent study to the Special Issue of Molecules. This book is its reprinted form. This covers reviews of structural features, historical usages, and biological activities of unique class of ellagitannins and condensed tannins, and original articles on the most up-to-date findings on the anticancer effect of green tea catechins, the antivirus effect of tannins comparing with the clinically used drugs, the analytical method of ellagitannins using quantitative NMR, the chemical structures of Hydrangea-blue complex (pigment) and condensed tannins in Ephedra sinica and purple prairie clover, and the relationship of condensed tannins in legumes and grape-marc with methane production in the in vitro ruminant system, and others. This book will be useful to natural product chemists and also to researchers in pharmaceutical and/or food industry.

Coreopsis lanceolata L. --- UV-Vis --- methanogenesis --- Lythraceae --- flavanone --- grape marc --- TDDFT --- Ephedra sinica --- macrocyclic oligomer --- triple-negative breast cancer --- antioxidant --- purple prairie clover --- chalcone --- neuraminidase --- fatty acid synthase --- (?)-epigallocatechin gallate --- epidermal growth factor --- NMR spectroscopy --- Aluminum ion --- Onagraceae --- Hydrangea macrophylla --- synthetic analogues --- blue color development --- amyloid-? peptide --- FTIR --- oseltamivir carboxylate --- quantitative NMR --- phloroglucinolysis --- thin layer chromatography --- European historic leathers --- FASN inhibition --- ECD --- colorimetric tests --- taxanes --- cynandione A --- conservation method --- 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid --- ellagitannin --- PC12 --- condensed tannin --- Trapa taiwanensis Nakai --- 1H-NMR --- Acacia --- (?)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate --- Geranium thunbergii --- condensed tannins --- immunomodulatory effect --- Acacia mearnsii bark --- Escherichia coli --- oligomer --- Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction --- lung tumor --- Aspergillus fumigates --- in vitro batch fermentation --- metal complex --- Myrtaceae --- Cynanchum auriculatum --- molecular interactions --- phenolic glycoside --- bamboo leaf extract --- stability --- Microsporum canis --- Cynanchum wilfordii --- thiolysis --- anti-inflammation --- hydrolysable tannin --- geraniin --- NGF --- polyphenol --- revision --- ESI-mass --- bioactivity --- antifungal activities --- interferon-? --- antitumor effect --- tannin composition --- oenothein B --- zanamivir --- 2-O-?-laminaribiosyl-4-hydroxyacetophenone --- anticancer activity --- proanthocyanidin --- vegetable tanning --- Dittrichia viscosa --- differentiation --- aurone --- antioxidants --- protein precipitation --- apoptosis --- polyphenolic FASN inhibitors --- forage legume --- biological activities --- ultrahigh-resolution negative mode MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry --- overlay method --- spectroscopy --- wattle tannin --- immune checkpoint --- hormesis --- 3-O-glucosyldelphinidin --- gallotannin --- proanthocyanidins --- fatty acids --- flavonol --- inhibition --- structure --- Candida spp. --- Malassezia spp. --- ORAC assay --- neuroprotection --- crystal structure --- tannins

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Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, are the most common pathologies of the central nervous system currently without a cure. They share common molecular and cellular characteristics, including protein misfolding, mitochondrial dysfunction, glutamate toxicity, dysregulation of calcium homeostasis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and ageing, which contribute to neuronal death. Efforts to treat these diseases are often limited by their multifactorial etiology. Natural products, thanks to their multitarget activities, are considered promising alternatives for the treatment of neurodegeneration. This book deals with two different forms of natural products: extracts and isolated compounds. The study of the bioactivity of the extracts is extremely important as many studies have demonstrated the synergistic effect of the combination of different natural products. On the other hand, the investigation of the activity of specifically isolated natural products can be also important to understand their cellular and molecular mechanisms and to define the specific bioactive components in extracts or foods. This book can be considered an important contribution to knowledge of the neuroprotective effect of natural products and presents a great deal of information, related to both the benefits but also the limitations of their use in counteracting neurodegeneration.

Vitamin D --- Multiple Sclerosis --- symptom --- neurodegeneration --- oxidative injury --- Parkinson’s disease --- terpenes, rotenone --- thymol --- Alzheimer’s disease --- Centella asiatica --- hippocampus --- protein poshophatase 2 --- glycogen synthase kinase 3 --- B-cell lymphoma 2 --- neuroprotection --- nutraceuticals --- bioavailability --- stress response --- neurodegenerative disease --- bioactive compound --- natural extract --- β-amyloid peptide --- tau protein --- clinical trial --- human studies --- animal studies --- in vitro studies --- curcumin --- free radicals --- heme oxygenase --- safety profile --- type 2 diabetes --- inflammation --- vascular damage --- learning --- memory --- natural compound --- oxidative stress --- cognitive dysfunction --- cell death --- synapse loss --- protein aggregation --- neuroinflammation --- algae --- seaweeds --- neurodegenerative diseases --- auraptene --- dopamine neuron --- antioxidant --- mitochondria --- Chionanthus retusus --- flavonoid --- flower --- HO-1 --- NO --- Lippia citriodora --- VEE --- Vs --- relaxation --- depression --- cyclic AMP --- calcium --- blood–brain barrier --- catechin --- cognition --- epigallocatechin gallate --- green tea --- microbiota --- 5-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone --- ascaroside pheromone --- C. elegans --- dauer --- neuronal signaling --- sexual behavior --- survival signals --- proteostasis --- chaperones --- autophagy --- ubiquitin-proteasome --- unfolded protein response --- natural compounds --- natural products --- ethics --- patients’ autonomy --- beneficence --- nonmaleficence --- medical liability --- Parkinson’s disease (PD) --- mitochondrial dysfunction --- dynamics --- hormesis --- ubiquitin‒proteasome system (UPS) --- mitophagy --- n/a --- Parkinson's disease --- Alzheimer's disease --- blood-brain barrier --- patients' autonomy --- Parkinson's disease (PD)