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Agonistic. --- Amygdala. --- Behavior. --- Hypothalamus. --- Neuronal.

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The experience of fear and stress leaves an indelible trace on the brain. This indelible trace is observed as both changes in behavior and changes in neuronal structure and function. Fear and stress interact on many levels. The experience of stress may lead to the formation of a fearful memory trace of a place or reminder cue, and fearful memory formation is regulated by the extent of concurrent stress. The concurrent experience of fear and stress may amplify fear and slow fear extinction which may lead to pathology. Fear memory formation involves changes in synaptic plasticity while stress and glucocorticoids change neuronal structure. Thus, both neurons and synapses are changed. These changes can be identified, visualised and mapped within focused microcircuits. In this Research Topic we focus on current advances in both the neurobiology and behavioral consequences of fear and stress.

PTSD --- Glucocorticoids --- Amygdala --- Memory --- Mineralocorticoids --- Anxiety --- Safety

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The experience of fear and stress leaves an indelible trace on the brain. This indelible trace is observed as both changes in behavior and changes in neuronal structure and function. Fear and stress interact on many levels. The experience of stress may lead to the formation of a fearful memory trace of a place or reminder cue, and fearful memory formation is regulated by the extent of concurrent stress. The concurrent experience of fear and stress may amplify fear and slow fear extinction which may lead to pathology. Fear memory formation involves changes in synaptic plasticity while stress and glucocorticoids change neuronal structure. Thus, both neurons and synapses are changed. These changes can be identified, visualised and mapped within focused microcircuits. In this Research Topic we focus on current advances in both the neurobiology and behavioral consequences of fear and stress.

PTSD --- Glucocorticoids --- Amygdala --- Memory --- Mineralocorticoids --- Anxiety --- Safety --- PTSD --- Glucocorticoids --- Amygdala --- Memory --- Mineralocorticoids --- Anxiety --- Safety

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Amygdala. --- Group. --- Pattern. --- Patterns. --- Physical. --- Physiological. --- Rat. --- Stress. --- Stressor. --- Stressors.

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Coping has a myriad of facets: knowledge concerning the circumstances of threats to emotional and physical well being, the ability to meet immediate needs to mitigate, the potential for recurrence, the ability to apply efforts and resources to manage recurrence, and the complex assessment of competing motivations and changing circumstances. Successful coping is measured in the efficiency of efforts in balance with the degree of threat and likelihood of future occurrence. As one means of coping, avoidance encompass thoughts and efforts toward prevention of future aversive experiences and events. Anxiety disorders exemplify an extreme bias toward avoidance. A diathesis learning model focuses research efforts on individual vulnerabilities to acquire and express avoidance, the neurobiology of avoidance learning and its attendant circuitry. A fundamental understanding of avoidance through a diathesis learning model offers will facilitate the development of effective treatment protocols in alleviating anxiety disorders.

RDoC --- stress --- Amygdala --- Diathesis --- Anxiety --- expectancy --- cingulate --- coping --- Hippocampus --- posttraumatic stress disorder --- RDoC --- stress --- Amygdala --- Diathesis --- Anxiety --- expectancy --- cingulate --- coping --- Hippocampus --- posttraumatic stress disorder