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In the early nineteenth century, the American commercial marketplace was a chaotic, unregulated environment in which knock-offs and outright frauds thrived. Appearances could be deceiving, and entrepreneurs often relied on their personal reputations to close deals and make sales. Rapid industrialization and expanding trade routes opened new markets with enormous potential, but how could distant merchants convince potential customers, whom they had never met, that they could be trusted? Through wide-ranging visual and textual evidence, including a robust selection of early advertisements, Branding Trust tells the story of how advertising evolved to meet these challenges, tracing the themes of character and class as they intertwined with and influenced graphic design, trademark law, and ideas about ethical business practice in the United States.As early as the 1830s, printers, advertising agents, and manufacturers collaborated to devise new ways to advertise goods. They used eye-catching designs and fonts to grab viewers' attention and wove together meaningful images and prose to gain the public's trust. At the same time, manufacturers took legal steps to safeguard their intellectual property, formulating new ways to protect their brands by taking legal action against counterfeits and frauds. By the end of the nineteenth century, these advertising and legal strategies came together to form the primary components of modern branding: demonstrating character, protecting goodwill, entertaining viewers to build rapport, and deploying the latest graphic innovations in print. Trademarks became the symbols that embodied these ideas-in print, in the law, and to the public.Branding Trust thus identifies and explains the visual rhetoric of trust and legitimacy that has come to reign over American capitalism. Though the 1920s has often been held up as the birth of modern advertising, Jennifer M. Black argues that advertising professionals had in fact learned how to navigate public relations over the previous century by adapting the language, imagery, and ideas of the American middle class.

Brand name products --- Marketing --- Trademarks --- Law and legislation --- Advertising history. --- American middle-class. --- Franco-American chef. --- Lydia Pinkham. --- National Biscuit. --- Quaker Oats man. --- Trademark law. --- billboards. --- brand. --- branding. --- character. --- consumers. --- corporate capitalism. --- counterfeits. --- display. --- fakes. --- font. --- fraud. --- goodwill. --- graphic design history. --- illustrations. --- infringement. --- knock off. --- labels. --- logos. --- media. --- newspaper. --- packaging. --- pictorial. --- print culture. --- product name. --- trade cards. --- visual culture. --- white space.

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This paper analyzes the extent of income inequality from a global perspective, its drivers, and what to do about it. The drivers of inequality vary widely amongst countries, with some common drivers being the skill premium associated with technical change and globalization, weakening protection for labor, and lack of financial inclusion in developing countries. We find that increasing the income share of the poor and the middle class actually increases growth while a rising income share of the top 20 percent results in lower growth—that is, when the rich get richer, benefits do not trickle down. This suggests that policies need to be country specific but should focus on raising the income share of the poor, and ensuring there is no hollowing out of the middle class. To tackle inequality, financial inclusion is imperative in emerging and developing countries while in advanced economies, policies should focus on raising human capital and skills and making tax systems more progressive.

Income distribution. --- Economic policy. --- American middle class --- Developed country --- Developing country --- Development economics --- Economic globalization --- Economic growth --- Economic inequality --- Economics --- Economy --- Education --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Taxation and Subsidies: Externalities --- Redistributive Effects --- Environmental Taxes and Subsidies --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Education: General --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Labour --- income economics --- Income inequality --- Personal income --- Income distribution --- Wages --- National accounts --- Income --- United States --- Income economics

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How the financial pressures of paying for college affect the lives and well-being of middle-class families The struggle to pay for college is a defining feature of middle-class life in America. Caitlin Zaloom takes readers into homes of families throughout the nation to reveal the hidden consequences of student debt and the ways that financing college has transformed our most sacred relationships. She describes the profound moral conflicts for parents as they try to honor what they see as their highest parental duty-providing their children with opportunity-and shows how parents and students alike are forced to gamble on an investment that might not pay off. Superbly written and unflinchingly honest, Indebted breaks through the culture of silence surrounding the student debt crisis, exposing the unspoken costs of sending our kids to college.

Student loans. --- Middle class families. --- Loans, Personal. --- Education, Higher --- SOCIAL SCIENCE / Social Classes --- Middle class families --- Loans, Personal --- Student loans --- Student loan funds --- Student loan programs --- Loans --- Student aid --- Scholarships --- Families --- Consumer loans --- Loans, Consumer --- Loans, Small --- Personal loans --- Small loans --- Consumer credit --- Finance. --- Costs. --- United States. --- 529 plan. --- Ability To Pay. --- Adviser. --- African American Family. --- African Americans. --- Aid. --- American middle class. --- Americans. --- Anthropologist. --- Associate degree. --- Bachelor's degree. --- Bankruptcy. --- Calculation. --- Capitalism. --- Career. --- Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. --- Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. --- College Board. --- Community college. --- Consideration. --- Customer. --- Debt. --- Determination. --- Economics. --- Economist. --- Education. --- Employment. --- Expected Family Contribution. --- Expense. --- FAFSA. --- Family Lives. --- Family income. --- Financial adviser. --- Financial literacy. --- For-profit higher education in the United States. --- Funding. --- Graduation. --- Grandparent. --- Higher education. --- His Family. --- Historically black colleges and universities. --- Home equity. --- Household. --- Income. --- Institution. --- Interview. --- Investment fund. --- Investor. --- Middle class. --- Mortgage loan. --- Nancy Fraser. --- Narrative. --- New York University. --- Nuclear family. --- Of Education. --- Oppression. --- PLUS Loan. --- Parenting. --- Payment. --- Pension. --- Poverty. --- Private school. --- Private university. --- Public institution (United States). --- Public university. --- Pundit. --- Racism. --- Rational choice theory. --- Remarriage. --- Repayment plan. --- Requirement. --- Research assistant. --- Retirement. --- Russell Sage Foundation. --- Salary. --- Sallie Mae. --- Saving. --- Scholarship. --- Security (finance). --- Sibling. --- Social mobility. --- Social science. --- Sociology. --- Standard of living. --- State school. --- Student debt. --- Student loan. --- Student. --- Subsidy. --- Tax. --- Technology. --- Trade-off. --- Tuition payments. --- Uncertainty. --- University. --- Vocational education. --- Wealth. --- Welfare. --- Year. --- ABŞ --- ABSh --- Ameerika Ühendriigid --- America (Republic) --- Amerika Birlăshmish Shtatlary --- Amerika Birlăşmi Ştatları --- Amerika Birlăşmiş Ştatları --- Amerika ka Kelenyalen Jamanaw --- Amerika Qūrama Shtattary --- Amerika Qŭshma Shtatlari --- Amerika Qushma Shtattary --- Amerika (Republic) --- Amerikai Egyesült Államok --- Amerikanʹ Veĭtʹsėndi͡avks Shtattnė --- Amerikări Pĕrleshu̇llĕ Shtatsem --- Amerikas Forenede Stater --- Amerikayi Miatsʻyal Nahangner --- Ameriketako Estatu Batuak --- Amirika Carékat --- AQSh --- Ar. ha-B. --- Arhab --- Artsot ha-Berit --- Artzois Ha'bris --- Bí-kok --- Ē.P.A. --- É.-U. --- EE.UU. --- Egyesült Államok --- ĒPA --- Estados Unidos --- Estados Unidos da América do Norte --- Estados Unidos de América --- Estaos Xuníos --- Estaos Xuníos d'América --- Estatos Unitos --- Estatos Unitos d'America --- Estats Units d'Amèrica --- Ètats-Unis d'Amèrica --- États-Unis d'Amérique --- ÉU --- Fareyniḳṭe Shṭaṭn --- Feriene Steaten --- Feriene Steaten fan Amearika --- Forente stater --- FS --- Hēnomenai Politeiai Amerikēs --- Hēnōmenes Politeies tēs Amerikēs --- Hiwsisayin Amerikayi Miatsʻeal Tērutʻiwnkʻ --- Istadus Unidus --- Jungtinės Amerikos valstybės --- Mei guo --- Mei-kuo --- Meiguo --- Mî-koet --- Miatsʻyal Nahangner --- Miguk --- Na Stàitean Aonaichte --- NSA --- S.U.A. --- SAD --- Saharat ʻAmērikā --- SASht --- Severo-Amerikanskie Shtaty --- Severo-Amerikanskie Soedinennye Shtaty --- Si͡evero-Amerikanskīe Soedinennye Shtaty --- Sjedinjene Američke Države --- Soedinennye Shtaty Ameriki --- Soedinennye Shtaty Severnoĭ Ameriki --- Soedinennye Shtaty Si͡evernoĭ Ameriki --- Spojené obce severoamerické --- Spojené staty americké --- SShA --- Stadoù-Unanet Amerika --- Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá --- Stany Zjednoczone --- Stati Uniti --- Stati Uniti d'America --- Stâts Unîts --- Stâts Unîts di Americhe --- Steatyn Unnaneysit --- Steatyn Unnaneysit America --- SUA --- Sŭedineni amerikanski shtati --- Sŭedinenite shtati --- Tetã peteĩ reko Amérikagua --- U.S. --- U.S.A. --- United States of America --- Unol Daleithiau --- Unol Daleithiau America --- Unuiĝintaj Ŝtatoj de Ameriko --- US --- USA --- Usono --- Vaeinigte Staatn --- Vaeinigte Staatn vo Amerika --- Vereinigte Staaten --- Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika --- Verenigde State van Amerika --- Verenigde Staten --- VS --- VSA --- Wááshindoon Bikéyah Ałhidadiidzooígíí --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah al-Amirīkīyah --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah al-Amrīkīyah --- Yhdysvallat --- Yunaeted Stet --- Yunaeted Stet blong Amerika --- ZDA --- Združene države Amerike --- Zʹi͡ednani Derz͡havy Ameryky --- Zjadnośone staty Ameriki --- Zluchanyi͡a Shtaty Ameryki --- Zlucheni Derz͡havy --- ZSA