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PacBio’s single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing technology offers important advantages over the short-read DNA sequencing technologies that currently dominate the market. This includes exceptionally long read lengths (20 kb or more), unparalleled consensus accuracy, and the ability to sequence native, non-amplified DNA molecules. From fungi to insects to humans, long reads are now used to create highly accurate reference genomes by de novo assembly of genomic DNA and to obtain a comprehensive view of transcriptomes through the sequencing of full-length cDNAs. Besides reducing biases, sequencing native DNA also permits the direct measurement of DNA base modifications. Therefore, SMRT sequencing has become an attractive technology in many fields, such as agriculture, basic science, and medical research. The boundaries of SMRT sequencing are continuously being pushed by developments in bioinformatics and sample preparation. This book contains a collection of articles showcasing the latest developments and the breadth of applications enabled by SMRT sequencing technology.

n/a --- Cladobotryum protrusum --- allele-specific analysis --- low-input DNA --- full length RNAseq --- de novo genome assembly --- de novo assembly --- human reference genome --- Tricoplusia ni --- PacBio single molecule real-time sequencing --- secondary metabolite --- protein isoforms --- bone marrow cell subpopulations --- DNA methylation --- mycoparasite --- human whole-genome sequencing --- GRCh38 --- SMRT sequencing --- cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP) --- mRNA isoforms --- next generation sequencing --- cobweb disease --- Swedish population --- mosquito --- long-read SMRT sequencing --- whole genome sequencing --- terpenoid --- insect genome --- optical mapping --- Gloeostereum incarnatum --- population sequencing --- statistical methods --- gene expression --- single molecule real-time sequencing --- PacBio

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Experimental approaches to evolution provide indisputable evidence of evolution by directly observing the process at work. Experimental evolution deliberately duplicates evolutionary processes-forcing life histories to evolve, producing adaptations to stressful environmental conditions, and generating lineage splitting to create incipient species. This unique volume summarizes studies in experimental evolution, outlining current techniques and applications, and presenting the field's full range of research-from selection in the laboratory to the manipulation of populations in the wild. It provides work on such key biological problems as the evolution of Darwinian fitness, sexual reproduction, life history, athletic performance, and learning.

Animal breeding --- Evolution (Biology) --- Natural selection --- Animal evolution --- Animals --- Biological evolution --- Darwinism --- Evolutionary biology --- Evolutionary science --- Origin of species --- Biology --- Evolution --- Biological fitness --- Homoplasy --- Phylogeny --- Selection, Natural --- Genetics --- Variation (Biology) --- Biological invasions --- Heredity --- Domestic animals --- Breeding --- Experiments. --- Research. --- adaptation. --- allele. --- athletic performance. --- biology. --- charles darwin. --- controlled field manipulations. --- darwinian fitness. --- ecology. --- environmental conditions. --- evolution. --- evolutionary dynamics. --- evolve. --- experimental approaches. --- experimental evolution. --- gene flow. --- genetic drift. --- genetic variation. --- incipient species. --- laboratory experiments. --- learning. --- life history. --- lineage splitting. --- mutation. --- natural selection. --- phenomenon. --- populations in the wild. --- sexual reproduction. --- theoretical.

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The impacts of climate change on crop production are already a reality in Europe and across the rest of the world. In order to mitigate these impacts, access to unexploited genetic crop diversity for the production of new varieties that can thrive in more extreme environmental conditions is of prime importance. Herein, genetic diversity should provide the raw materials for breeding and plant improvements. Despite the vast pool of resources that exist, much of the germplasm richness found in gene banks is poorly documented. To overcome the barriers between germplasm conservation and use, a complete evaluation is necessary to determine the useful diversity they contain.This Special Issue focuses on “Old Germplasm for New Needs: Managing Crop Genetic Resources”. We gathered novel research, reviews, and opinion pieces covering all related topics, including germplasm evaluation, crop genetics and improvements, novel crops, phenotyping, physiological responses of inbred lines, management solutions, modeling, case studies from the field, and policy positions.

aromatic rice --- local variety --- gelatinization temperature --- badh2-E7 allele --- population structure --- Criollo cacao --- microsatellites --- genetic purity --- Central America --- Axiom 35K Wheat Breeders array --- genetic diversity --- wheat genotyping --- Solanum lycopersicum --- agro-biodiversity --- crops --- breeding --- DNA markers --- black soybean --- green cotyledon --- anthocyanin --- chlorophyll --- Lactuca sativa L. --- crisphead --- oak-leaf --- root system architecture --- tipburn --- nutritional imbalance --- breeding lines --- landraces --- phenotypic traits --- molecular markers --- almond descriptors --- conservation --- endangered cultivars --- fruit quality --- genetic resources --- Prunus dulcis --- MTSI --- multi-environment --- soybean --- seed compositions --- WAASB --- barley --- germplasm --- Hordeum vulgare --- landrace --- DArTseq --- anthocyanins --- black carrot --- bolting --- flavonoids --- glasshouse cultivation --- leaf --- nutrient analysis --- taproot --- n/a

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The origin of species has fascinated both biologists and the general public since the publication of Darwin's Origin of Species in 1859. Significant progress in understanding the process was achieved in the "modern synthesis," when Theodosius Dobzhansky, Ernst Mayr, and others reconciled Mendelian genetics with Darwin's natural selection. Although evolutionary biologists have developed significant new theory and data about speciation in the years since the modern synthesis, this book represents the first systematic attempt to summarize and generalize what mathematical models tell us about the dynamics of speciation. Fitness Landscapes and the Origin of Species presents both an overview of the forty years of previous theoretical research and the author's new results. Sergey Gavrilets uses a unified framework based on the notion of fitness landscapes introduced by Sewall Wright in 1932, generalizing this notion to explore the consequences of the huge dimensionality of fitness landscapes that correspond to biological systems. In contrast to previous theoretical work, which was based largely on numerical simulations, Gavrilets develops simple mathematical models that allow for analytical investigation and clear interpretation in biological terms. Covering controversial topics, including sympatric speciation and the effects of sexual conflict on speciation, this book builds for the first time a general, quantitative theory for the origin of species.

Models, Genetic. --- Population Genetics. --- Evolution. --- Population biology. --- Species diversity. --- Population genetics --- Evolution (Biology) --- Species --- Mathematical models. --- Adaptive radiation. --- Allele frequency. --- Allele. --- Allopatric speciation. --- Assortative mating. --- Biodiversity. --- Character displacement. --- Charles Darwin. --- Digamma function. --- Directional selection. --- Disruptive selection. --- Ecological niche. --- Ecological selection. --- Ecology. --- Ecotype. --- Error threshold (evolution). --- Evolution of dominance. --- Evolutionary biology. --- Evolutionary dynamics. --- Evolutionary ecology. --- Evolutionary radiation. --- Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection. --- Fisherian runaway. --- Fitness (biology). --- Fitness function. --- Fitness landscape. --- Fitness model (network theory). --- Founder effect. --- Frequency-dependent selection. --- G-test. --- Gene flow. --- Gene. --- Genetic architecture. --- Genetic association. --- Genetic correlation. --- Genetic distance. --- Genetic divergence. --- Genetic drift. --- Genetic heterogeneity. --- Genetic structure. --- Genetic variability. --- Genetic variance. --- Genetic variation. --- Genetics and the Origin of Species. --- Genotype frequency. --- Genotype-phenotype distinction. --- Genotype. --- Group selection. --- Haldane's rule. --- Haplotype. --- Hardy–Weinberg principle. --- Hybrid (biology). --- Hybrid speciation. --- Hybrid zone. --- Inbreeding. --- Linkage disequilibrium. --- Local adaptation. --- Logarithm. --- Macroevolution. --- Mate choice. --- Mating preferences. --- Mating. --- Model organism. --- Modern evolutionary synthesis. --- Mutation rate. --- Mutation–selection balance. --- Natural selection. --- Nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution. --- Neutral network (evolution). --- On the Origin of Species. --- Order statistic. --- Parapatric speciation. --- Peripatric speciation. --- Phenotype. --- Phenotypic trait. --- Polymorphism (biology). --- Population ecology. --- Population genetics. --- Population size. --- Probability. --- Quantitative genetics. --- Quantitative trait locus. --- Rate of evolution. --- Reproductive isolation. --- Reproductive success. --- Ring species. --- Segregate (taxonomy). --- Selection coefficient. --- Sexual selection. --- Spatial ecology. --- Speciation (genetic algorithm). --- Speciation. --- Species complex. --- Species–area curve. --- Stepwise mutation model. --- Sympatric speciation. --- Taxonomy (biology). --- Trait theory.

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The impacts of climate change on crop production are already a reality in Europe and across the rest of the world. In order to mitigate these impacts, access to unexploited genetic crop diversity for the production of new varieties that can thrive in more extreme environmental conditions is of prime importance. Herein, genetic diversity should provide the raw materials for breeding and plant improvements. Despite the vast pool of resources that exist, much of the germplasm richness found in gene banks is poorly documented. To overcome the barriers between germplasm conservation and use, a complete evaluation is necessary to determine the useful diversity they contain.This Special Issue focuses on “Old Germplasm for New Needs: Managing Crop Genetic Resources”. We gathered novel research, reviews, and opinion pieces covering all related topics, including germplasm evaluation, crop genetics and improvements, novel crops, phenotyping, physiological responses of inbred lines, management solutions, modeling, case studies from the field, and policy positions.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Technology, engineering, agriculture --- aromatic rice --- local variety --- gelatinization temperature --- badh2-E7 allele --- population structure --- Criollo cacao --- microsatellites --- genetic purity --- Central America --- Axiom 35K Wheat Breeders array --- genetic diversity --- wheat genotyping --- Solanum lycopersicum --- agro-biodiversity --- crops --- breeding --- DNA markers --- black soybean --- green cotyledon --- anthocyanin --- chlorophyll --- Lactuca sativa L. --- crisphead --- oak-leaf --- root system architecture --- tipburn --- nutritional imbalance --- breeding lines --- landraces --- phenotypic traits --- molecular markers --- almond descriptors --- conservation --- endangered cultivars --- fruit quality --- genetic resources --- Prunus dulcis --- MTSI --- multi-environment --- soybean --- seed compositions --- WAASB --- barley --- germplasm --- Hordeum vulgare --- landrace --- DArTseq --- anthocyanins --- black carrot --- bolting --- flavonoids --- glasshouse cultivation --- leaf --- nutrient analysis --- taproot --- aromatic rice --- local variety --- gelatinization temperature --- badh2-E7 allele --- population structure --- Criollo cacao --- microsatellites --- genetic purity --- Central America --- Axiom 35K Wheat Breeders array --- genetic diversity --- wheat genotyping --- Solanum lycopersicum --- agro-biodiversity --- crops --- breeding --- DNA markers --- black soybean --- green cotyledon --- anthocyanin --- chlorophyll --- Lactuca sativa L. --- crisphead --- oak-leaf --- root system architecture --- tipburn --- nutritional imbalance --- breeding lines --- landraces --- phenotypic traits --- molecular markers --- almond descriptors --- conservation --- endangered cultivars --- fruit quality --- genetic resources --- Prunus dulcis --- MTSI --- multi-environment --- soybean --- seed compositions --- WAASB --- barley --- germplasm --- Hordeum vulgare --- landrace --- DArTseq --- anthocyanins --- black carrot --- bolting --- flavonoids --- glasshouse cultivation --- leaf --- nutrient analysis --- taproot