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Air travel --- Air travel.

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This book examines the aviation industry from an anthropological perspective, focussing on the sector's environmental impact and the challenges facing attempts to shift to more sustainable solutions.

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Long description: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles’ (UAVs) ability to reach places not accessible to humans or other robots and execute tasks makes them unique and is gaining a lot of research interest recently. Initially UAVs were used as surveying and data collection systems, but lately UAVs are also efficiently employed in aerial manipulation and interaction tasks. In recent times, UAV interaction with the environment has become a common scenario, where manipulators are mounted on top of such systems. Current applications has driven towards the direction of UAVs and humans coexisting and sharing the same workspace, leading to the emerging futuristic domain of Human-UAV physical interaction. The research in this thesis initially addresses the delicate problem of external wrench (force/torque) estimation in aerial vehicles which is executable during flight without any additional sensors. Thereafter a novel architecture is proposed, allowing humans to physically interact with a UAV through the employment of sensor-ring structure and the developed external wrench estimator. The methodologies and algorithms to distinguish forces and torques derived by physical interaction with a human from the disturbance wrenches (due to e.g., wind) are defined through an optimization problem. Furthermore, an admittance-impedance control strategy is employed to act on them differently. This new hardware/software architecture allows for the safe human-UAV physical interaction through exchange of forces. But at the same time, other limitations such as the inability to exchange torques due to the underactuation of quadrotors and the need for a robust controller become evident. In order to improve the robust performance of the UAV, an adaptive super twisting sliding mode controller that works efficiently against parameter uncertainties, unknown dynamics and external perturbations is implemented. In addition, a novel fully actuated tilted propeller hexarotor UAV is designed along with the exact feedback linearization controller and the tilt angles are optimized in order to minimize power consumption, thereby improving the flight time. This fully actuated hexarotor could reorient while hovering and perform 6DoF (Degrees of Freedom) trajectory tracking. Eventually, the external wrench observer, interaction techniques, hardware design, software framework, the robust controller and the different methodologies are put together into the development of Human-UAV physical interaction with fully actuated Hexarotor UAV. This framework allows humans and UAVs to exchange forces as well as torques, becoming the next generation platform for the aerial manipulation and human physical interaction with UAVs.

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This study examines the impact of bilateral air service agreements on air passenger transport in Africa and quantifies the consumer welfare effects associated with air transport liberalization. Using an unbalanced panel of 71 country pairs from Africa observed over 2011-19, the paper estimates the extent to which bilateral air service agreements liberalization affects the following: (1) passenger travel, (2) average airfares, (3) flight frequency, and (4) market competition within a country pair. The empirical analysis employs the difference-in-differences estimation method and pays close attention to the endogeneity concerns coming from the simultaneity and reverse causality surrounding the pricing, demand, and frequency decisions. The results indicate that both partial and full liberalization of bilateral air service agreements lead to a reduction in airfares and an increase in air travel demand and flight frequency, respectively. The analysis finds no evidence that market competition, as measured by the number of operating airlines, increases following liberalization. After quantifying all the channels through which the policy environment can affect air transport markets in Africa, the findings show that aviation liberalization generates consumer benefits that are equivalent to a 40-42 percent drop in airfares, that is, the price equivalent effect of air liberalization.

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Air traffic capacity --- Air travel --- Air travel