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The Largest Amount of Good is the first full account of Quaker relief operations in Ireland and of the evolution of the Quakers' thinking on the purposes and limitations of philanthropy and the responsibility of the state in disaster. Helen Hatton describes how the Quakers rejected orthodox economic and philanthropic theory and, without seeking profit for themselves, provided grants and unguaranteed loans to develop and revitalize Irish agriculture, fisheries, and industry. They also used publicity and political pressure to push for reform of the land-holding system. Although the power of the landowners was too entrenched to be overcome entirely, the Quakers' contribution to Ireland, Hatton demonstrates, is unquestionable. The growth of the Quaker relief service, from mutual help in the seventeenth century to an institution of international standing, has been accompanied by the gradual embodiment of their principles in the direction of the Society. Their work in the Great Irish Famine marked a turning point at which the procedures they had evolved inchoately over two centuries were formulated into a methodology that is accepted today as the basis for relief and Third World development.

Quakers --- Famines --- Food relief --- Famine relief --- Food aid programs --- Food assistance programs --- Disaster relief --- Humanitarian assistance --- Public welfare --- Emergency food supply --- Famine --- Food supply --- Starvation --- Friends --- Friends (Quakers) --- Society of Friends --- Charities --- History. --- Ireland --- Food distribution programs

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As the demand for food banks and other emergency food charities continues to rise across the continent, this is the first systematic Europe-wide study of the roots and consequences of this urgent phenomenon. Leading researchers provide case studies from the UK, Finland, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Slovenia and Spain, each considering the history and driving political and social forces behind the rise of food charity, and the influence of changing welfare states. They build into a rich comparative study that delivers valuable evidence for anyone with an academic or professional interest in related issues including social policy, exclusion, poverty and justice.

Food relief --- Famine relief --- Food aid programs --- Food assistance programs --- Disaster relief --- Humanitarian assistance --- Public welfare --- Emergency food supply --- Political aspects. --- Political aspects --- Food relief. --- Europe. --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Eurasia --- Council of Europe countries --- Food distribution programs

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The untold history of how America’s student-loan program turned the pursuit of higher education into a pathway to poverty. It didn’t always take thirty years to pay off the cost of a bachelor’s degree. Elizabeth Tandy Shermer untangles the history that brought us here and discovers that the story of skyrocketing college debt is not merely one of good intentions gone wrong. In fact, the federal student loan program was never supposed to make college affordable. The earliest federal proposals for college affordability sought to replace tuition with taxpayer funding of institutions. But Southern whites feared that lower costs would undermine segregation, Catholic colleges objected to state support of secular institutions, professors worried that federal dollars would come with regulations hindering academic freedom, and elite-university presidents recoiled at the idea of mass higher education. Cold War congressional fights eventually made access more important than affordability. Rather than freeing colleges from their dependence on tuition, the government created a loan instrument that made college accessible in the short term but even costlier in the long term by charging an interest penalty only to needy students. In the mid-1960s, as bankers wavered over the prospect of uncollected debt, Congress backstopped the loans, provoking runaway inflation in college tuition and resulting in immense lender profits. Today 45 million Americans owe more than $1.5 trillion in college debt, with the burdens falling disproportionately on borrowers of color, particularly women. Reformers, meanwhile, have been frustrated by colleges and lenders too rich and powerful to contain. Indentured Students makes clear that these are not unforeseen consequences. The federal student loan system is working as designed.

Student loans --- College costs --- Federal aid to higher education --- History --- Edith Green. --- GI Bill. --- Higher Education Act. --- National Defense Education Act. --- National Youth Administration. --- financial aid programs. --- racial wealth gap. --- student debt crisis. --- student debt relief. --- student homelessness. --- tuition assistance.

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Human rights --- Food relief --- -Food supply --- -Food control --- Produce trade --- Agriculture --- Food security --- Single cell proteins --- Famine relief --- Food aid programs --- Food assistance programs --- Disaster relief --- Humanitarian assistance --- Public welfare --- Emergency food supply --- Law and legislation --- Right to food. --- -Law and legislation --- Right to food --- Food, Right to

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Presents the results of a meeting held by the Board on Science and Technology for International Development. At this meeting, six groups of modelers presented their estimates of the food aid/food commodity trade picture during 1991-2000, based on their own database and assumptions about trends in global policy, climate, population, and economics.

Development aid. Development cooperation --- anno 1990-1999 --- Agricultural assistance --- Food relief --- Food supply --- Planning --- Congresses. --- Forecasting --- Congresses --- Social Sciences and Humanities. Development Studies -- Food Policy --- ALLW. --- Famine relief --- Food aid programs --- Food assistance programs --- Disaster relief --- Humanitarian assistance --- Public welfare --- Emergency food supply --- Forecasting. --- Food distribution programs