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Spatial analysis in economics is becoming increasingly important as more spatial data and innovative data mining technologies are developed. Even in Africa, where data often crucially lack quality analysis, a variety of spatial data have recently been developed, such as highly disaggregated crop production maps. Taking advantage of the historical event that rail operations were ceased in Ethiopia, this paper examines the relationship between agricultural production and transport connectivity, especially port accessibility, which is mainly characterized by rail transport. To deal with endogeneity of infrastructure placement and autocorrelation in spatial data, the spatial autocorrelation panel regression model is applied. It is found that agricultural production decreases with transport costs to the port: the elasticity is estimated at -0.094 to -0.143, depending on model specification. The estimated autocorrelation parameters also support the finding that although farmers in close locations share a certain common production pattern, external shocks, such as drought and flood, have spillover effects over neighboring areas.

Agriculture Production --- Spatial Autoregressive Model --- Transport Infrastructure

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Can philanthropy alleviate inequality? Do antipoverty programs work on the ground? In this eye-opening analysis, Erica Kohl-Arenas bores deeply into how these issues play out in California's Central Valley, which is one of the wealthiest agricultural production regions in the world and also home to the poorest people in the United States. Through the lens of a provocative set of case studies, The Self-Help Myth reveals how philanthropy maintains systems of inequality by attracting attention to the behavior of poor people while shifting the focus away from structural inequities and relationships of power that produce poverty. In Fresno County, for example, which has a

Social problems --- United States --- Farmers --- Charities --- Poverty --- Immigrants --- California --- Economic conditions --- E-books --- Emigrants --- Foreign-born population --- Foreign population --- Foreigners --- Migrants --- Persons --- Aliens --- Destitution --- Wealth --- Basic needs --- Begging --- Poor --- Subsistence economy --- Alms and almsgiving --- Benevolent institutions --- Charitable institutions --- Endowed charities --- Institutions, Charitable and philanthropic --- Philanthropy --- Poor relief --- Private nonprofit social work --- Relief (Aid) --- Social welfare --- Associations, institutions, etc. --- Social service --- Endowments --- Farm operators --- Operators, Farm --- Planters (Persons) --- Agriculturists --- Rural population --- Societies, etc. --- Services for --- Provincia de Californias --- Ḳalifornyah --- Alta California (Province) --- Upper California --- Chia-chou --- Departamento de Californias --- Калифорнии --- Kalifornii --- State of California --- كاليفورنيا --- Kālīfūrniyā --- Штат Каліфорнія --- Shtat Kalifornii︠a︡ --- Каліфорнія --- Kalifornii︠a︡ --- Калифорния --- Καλιφόρνια --- Kaliphornia --- Πολιτεία της Καλιφόρνιας --- Politeia tēs Kaliphornias --- 캘리포니아 주 --- 캘리포니아주 --- Kʻaellipʻonia-ju --- Kʻaellipʻoniaju --- 캘리포니아 --- Kʻaellipʻonia --- קליפורניה --- מדינת קליפורניה --- Medinat Ḳalifornyah --- Калифорнија --- Kalifornija --- Karapōnia --- カリフォルニア州 --- Kariforunia-shū --- カリフォルニア --- Kariforunia --- קאליפארניע --- Ḳalifornye --- CA --- Calif. --- Cal. --- Cali. --- CF --- Californias (Province) --- agriculture production regions. --- agriculture. --- american culture. --- american poverty. --- american studies. --- antipoverty programs. --- antipoverty. --- behavior of poor people. --- california. --- case studies. --- central valley. --- charity. --- civic participation. --- farms and farmers. --- food banks. --- government and governing. --- inequality. --- migrant farm workers. --- migrants. --- mutual prosperity. --- philanthropy. --- politics. --- poverty studies. --- poverty. --- relationships of power. --- religious organizations. --- theories of change. --- traditional american ideals. --- united states of america.

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The Anthropocene, the time of humans. Never has human influence on the functioning of the planet been greater or in more urgent need of mitigation. Climate change, the accelerated warming of the planet’s surface attributed to human activities, is now at the forefront of global politics. The agriculture sector not only contributes to climate change but also feels the severity of its effects, with the water, carbon and nitrogen cycles all subject to modification as a result. Crop production systems are each subject to different types of threat and levels of threat intensity. There is however significant potential to both adapt to and mitigate climate change within the agricultural sector and reduce these threats. Each solution must be implemented in a sustainable manner and tailored to individual regions and farming systems. This Special Issue evaluates a variety of potential climate change adaptation and mitigation techniques that account for this spatial variation, including modification to cropping systems, Climate-Smart Agriculture and the development and growth of novel crops and crop varieties.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Technology, engineering, agriculture --- rice field --- mitigation techniques --- greenhouse gas emissions --- life cycle assessment --- farmer acceptance --- incentive measures --- income distribution --- cost distribution --- vulnerable region --- adaptation measures --- Bangladesh --- ENSO --- Southern Oscillation Index --- SOI --- El Niño --- La Niña --- soil water --- environment type --- climate adaptation --- management practices --- crop model --- APSIM --- CanESM2 --- HadCM3 --- precipitation --- temperature --- winter wheat yield --- radiative warming --- atmospheric phytoremediation --- N2O --- nitrous oxide reductase --- N2OR --- nosZ --- fertilizer --- crop breeding --- transgenic --- GHG --- extreme weather --- agriculture production --- return level --- extreme value theory --- weather --- risk --- climate change adaptation --- livelihoods --- geographic information --- agriculture --- resilience --- future crop yields --- climate change impacts --- CO2 fertilization --- corn --- rice --- soybeans --- climate-smart agriculture --- livelihood transformation --- Guatemala --- climate change --- climate change-induced impacts --- smallholder farmers --- drought-prone low lands --- rural Sidama --- southern Ethiopia --- chill accumulation --- peaches --- perennial crops --- Georgia --- South Carolina --- climate-departure --- crop-climate departure --- crop suitability --- Ecocrop --- food security --- West Africa --- planting month --- CORDEX --- renewable energy technologies --- sustainability --- clean energy --- bioenergy --- biogas --- industrial hemp --- anaerobic digestion --- inland valley development --- hydroclimatic hazard --- water control structure --- sustainable rice production