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Researchers and practitioners have devoted substantial time and effort over many years to develop satisfactory performance appraisal systems that impart useful information to employees about their job performance. Nonetheless, problems continue to arise, principally because managers often find it difficult to provide feedback on performance to their employees. We offer a Communication- Centered Approach (CCA) to performance appraisal that is focused on its most challenging part, viz., the appraisal interview. The CCA is intended to facilitate this discussion between managers and their employees by addressing the communication issues involved in preparing for, conducting, and reporting the results of a conversation about job performance. The CCA is useful because, despite the continuing evolution of performance appraisal, a conversation about the employee's performance is still a very important component of the latest systems. Also, focusing on communication offers a valuable perspective on all aspects of performance appraisal: defining performance and its various facets; how performance information is given and perceived; and the interactional context that affects the meaning of feedback. The CCA, in other words, offers ideas pertinent to the preinterview, interview, and post-interview phases of the performance appraisal process that make discussions of employee performance more effective. Importantly, the communication literature that is the basis for each of these ideas is described and illustrations are offered of how the conceptual foundation may be translated into practice. Samples of materials consistent with the CCA that were developed at a renowned research and development laboratory are woven into the presentation.

Employees --- Communication in personnel management. --- Rating of. --- Appraisal interview --- human resource management --- performance appraisal --- performance management --- agenda setting --- framing --- semantic net --- narrative

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Diese Open-Access-Publikation ist ein Plädoyer, das Verständnis von Themenkarrieren als integralen Bestandteil der Wissenschaft zu vertiefen und für die Reflexion wissenschaftlicher und planerischer Praxis zu nutzen. Welchen Gegenständen die Wissenschaft besondere Aufmerksamkeit beimisst, unterliegt einem dynamischen Wandel. Einige Themen, die lange Zeit Desinteresse und Ablehnung hervorriefen, rücken schlagartig in den Fokus um anschließend wieder abnehmende Aufmerksamkeit zu verzeichnen. Weder die Ursache noch der Zeitraum der anfänglichen Ignoranz, des abrupten Durchbruchs oder der anschließenden Ermüdung kann jedoch aus „rein wissenschaftlichen“ bzw. vermeintlich „objektiven“ Selektionskriterien erklärt werden. Wie also entstehen Themen in der Wissenschaft? Anhand der Themenkarrieren Schrumpfende Städte und Klimawandel wird untersucht, wie Aufmerksamkeit für ein Thema entsteht, welche sozialen Mechanismen dem Themenverlauf zugrunde liegen und welche Auswirkungen Themenkarrieren auf die planungswissenschaftliche Disziplin haben. Hierbei werden quantitative Methoden der Bibliometrie und der Netzwerkanalyse mit qualitativen Methoden der empirischen Sozialforschung in einer institutionalistischen Perspektive vereint. Der Autor Andreas Gravert ist seit 2021 Referent in der Stabsstelle Klimafolgenanpassung in Hamburg. Er hat an der Fakultät Raumplanung der TU Dortmund zu den Themen Planungstheorie, Wissenschaftsforschung, Metropolitan Governance und Anpassung an die Folgen des Klimawandels geforscht.

Sociology --- Society & social sciences --- Open Access --- Themenkarriere --- Agenda Setting --- Wissenschaftssoziologie --- Institutionalismus --- Netzwerkanalyse --- Planungstheorie --- Raumplanung --- Klimawandel --- Schrumpfende Städte --- Sociology, Urban. --- Science --- Social sciences --- Urban Sociology. --- Sociology of Science. --- Network Research. --- Social aspects. --- Network analysis. --- Network analysis (Social sciences) --- SNA (Social network analysis) --- Social network analysis --- System analysis --- Science and society --- Sociology of science --- Urban sociology --- Cities and towns --- Methodology

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Making, amending, and interpreting constitutions is a political game that can yield widespread suffering or secure a nation's liberty and prosperity. Given these high stakes, Robert Cooter argues that constitutional theory should trouble itself less with literary analysis and arguments over founders' intentions and focus much more on the real-world consequences of various constitutional provisions and choices. Pooling the best available theories from economics and political science, particularly those developed from game theory, Cooter's economic analysis of constitutions fundamentally recasts a field of growing interest and dramatic international importance. By uncovering the constitutional incentives that influence citizens, politicians, administrators, and judges, Cooter exposes fault lines in alternative forms of democracy: unitary versus federal states, deep administration versus many elections, parliamentary versus presidential systems, unicameral versus bicameral legislatures, common versus civil law, and liberty versus equality rights. Cooter applies an efficiency test to these alternatives, asking how far they satisfy the preferences of citizens for laws and public goods. To answer Cooter contrasts two types of democracy, which he defines as competitive government. The center of the political spectrum defeats the extremes in "median democracy," whereas representatives of all the citizens bargain over laws and public goods in "bargain democracy." Bargaining can realize all the gains from political trades, or bargaining can collapse into an unstable contest of redistribution. States plagued by instability and contests over redistribution should move towards median democracy by increasing transaction costs and reducing the power of the extremes. Specifically, promoting median versus bargain democracy involves promoting winner-take-all elections versus proportional representation, two parties versus multiple parties, referenda versus representative democracy, and special governments versus comprehensive governments. This innovative theory will have ramifications felt across national and disciplinary borders, and will be debated by a large audience, including the growing pool of economists interested in how law and politics shape economic policy, political scientists using game theory or specializing in constitutional law, and academic lawyers. The approach will also garner attention from students of political science, law, and economics, as well as policy makers working in and with new democracies where constitutions are being written and refined.

Public law. Constitutional law --- Political philosophy. Social philosophy --- Constitutional law --- Game theory. --- Law and economics. --- Philosophy. --- Dret constitucional --- Filosofia. --- Jim Crow laws. --- Pareto frontier. --- accountability: of legislators. --- agenda setting rules. --- bargaining, legislative. --- chaos theorem. --- commodity, contingent. --- condemnation doctrine. --- consequentialism. --- delegation game. --- discussion set. --- emergency doctrine. --- engorgement principle. --- hate speech. --- intransivity. --- judicial review. --- law merchant. --- matching grants. --- maximin. --- natural monopoly. --- patronage system. --- political speech. --- private bads. --- slavery. --- sub-majority rule. --- term limits. --- unicameralism. --- white flight. --- zero-sum game.

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Over the last two decades, the literature on political participation has flourished, reflecting the increasing use of diverse modes of citizen involvement. These include established modes of participation, such as voting, protests, mass demonstrations, and petition signing, but also newer modes specific to the online environment (ICT-related), participation in referendums, public consultations, or engagement in political deliberation. The importance and intensity of these modes is reflected both in the number of people getting involved and in the increasing number of policies that are subject to various modes of participation on a regular basis. There is extensive literature about how these modes of participation function, why people get involved, and the consequences of their participation. However, limited attention is paid to the relationship between political participation and the pursuit of sustainability at a local, regional, or central level. Existing studies indicate that citizen engagement can be a cost-effective method to characterize changes of local environments; however, not much is known beyond this process. This Special Issue aims to address this void in the literature and brings together contributions that analyze how participation can be associated with sustainability and local development in various settings. It explores the relationship between political participation and the management of their local environment. This Special Issue enhances the existing knowledge and understanding about how modes of participation can be reflected in stronger sustainability. The Special Issue provides the space for an academic debate that addresses issues such as climate change, resource allocation, or the pursuit of sustainability programs and policies. The contributions include a mix of single-case studies and comparative analyses across European countries.

deliberation --- future generations --- future design --- political participation --- citizen engagement --- political institutions --- sustainability --- participation --- digitalization --- local government --- innovation --- mixed deliberation --- referendums --- municipal mergers --- democratic sustainability --- social trust --- political trust --- political efficacy --- citizens’ juries --- natural experiment --- opinion change --- windfarms --- Scotland --- deliberative mini-publics --- democratic innovations --- public opinion --- participatory budgeting --- ecology --- local level --- citizens --- support --- Romania --- citizens’ assemblies --- climate change --- decarbonization --- agenda setting --- deliberative democracy --- mini-publics --- environmental politics

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For decades the European Union tried changing its institutions, but achieved only unsatisfying political compromises and modest, incremental treaty revisions. In late 2009, however, the EU was successfully reformed through the Treaty of Lisbon. Reforming the European Union examines how political leaders ratified this treaty against all odds and shows how this victory involved all stages of treaty reform negotiations--from the initial proposal to referendums in several European countries. The authors emphasize the strategic role of political leadership and domestic politics, and they use state-of-the-art methodology, applying a comprehensive data set for actors' reform preferences. They look at how political leaders reacted to apparent failures of the process by recreating or changing the rules of the game. While domestic actors played a significant role in the process, their influence over the outcome was limited as leaders ignored negative referendums and plowed ahead with intended reforms. The book's empirical analyses shed light on critical episodes: strategic agenda setting during the European Convention, the choice of ratification instrument, intergovernmental bargaining dynamics, and the reaction of the German Council presidency to the negative referendums in France, the Netherlands, and Ireland.

HISTORY / Modern / 21st Century. --- HISTORY / Europe / General. --- POLITICAL SCIENCE / Political Process / Leadership. --- POLITICAL SCIENCE / International Relations / Diplomacy. --- Treaties --- Revision of treaties --- Treaties, Revision of --- Treaty revision --- Ratification of treaties --- Treaty ratification --- Ratification. --- Revision. --- European Union. --- E.U. --- Treaty on European Union --- European Union countries --- Politics and government. --- EU constitution. --- EU countries. --- EU. --- European Convention. --- European integration. --- German Presidency. --- Lisbon Treaty. --- Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe. --- Treaty of Lisbon. --- Treaty of Nice. --- Valry Giscard d'Estaing. --- agenda control. --- agenda setting. --- democratic deficit. --- demographic change. --- domestic parliaments. --- domestic politics. --- institutional arrangements. --- institutional reform. --- intergovernmental bargaining. --- internal conflict. --- judiciary powers. --- negative referendums. --- political leaders. --- political parties. --- popular votes. --- principal-agent perspective. --- ratification instrument. --- reform crisis. --- social tension. --- veto players.