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"This comparative study aims to develop a deeper understanding of collectivism, trade unionism, and the capacity to create collective action using Finland and Cambodia as examples of individualistic and collectivistic societies, respectively. The study has two goals: 1) To explore the relationship between collective action, and the level and forms of collectivism in Cambodia and in Finland. 2) To explain if and how the level of collectivism affects the degree of cooperation inside the living system. Phenomena such as political participation, family values, levels of trust within the society, and perceived collective efficacy are examined. The study is based on extensive survey data collected in Cambodia and Finland.The theoretical framework is sociological, involving the study of social systems within which observed regularities emerge and evolve through collaborative and collective behaviour. This approach also entails the personality systems of individual actors and the cultural system built into their actions. The main analytical tool used in the study is the Cultural Agency Theory (CAT).Significant differences were found in how individuals behave at the societal level. Collective action and political participation occur at a higher level in Finland compared to Cambodia. The results also show that the question of individualism versus collectivism is more complex than is generally believed."

collective action, trade unionism, trust, individualism, collectivism, human agency, Cultural Agency Theory, Cambodia, Finland

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The chief executive officer (CEO) of a corporation and his or her executive team are responsible for the management of the business and its continued operating and financial success. The CEO and executive team are almost always highly compensated and the relative total compensation has mushroomed over time. Most of the compensation now is designed to be performance-based, but leading to charges that executives have incentives to manipulate corporate earnings and stock price in the short-term for their own self interests. The compensation at some companies became so egregious (Enron and other tech-bubble failures or Citigroup and other banks during the subprime meltdown) that compensation again became a major public policy issue subject to federal regulation. (Popular outrage and calls for government action against well-paid CEOs has been common at least since the 1930s.)

Executives --- Salaries, etc. --- agency theory --- compensation accounting --- economic theory --- executive compensation --- proxy statement and 10-k disclosure --- stock options/stock-based compensation

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Tämän vertailevan tutkimuksen tavoitteena on luoda syvempää ymmärrystä kollektivismista, ammattiyhdistystoiminnasta ja kyvystä luoda kollektiivista toimintaa käyttäen Suomea ja Kambodzhaa esimerkkeinä individualistisesta ja kollektivistisesta yhteiskunnasta. Tutkimuksella on kaksi tavoitetta: 1) Tuottaa uutta tietoa ammattiyhdistysten, kollektiivisen toiminnan ja kollektivismin eri muotojen välisistä suhteista Kambodzhassa ja Suomessa. 2) Selittää, millä tavoin kollektivismin taso vaikuttaa ihmisten väliseen yhteistyöhön. Teoksessa tarkastellaan muun muassa poliittista osallistumista, perhearvoja, luottamusta yhteiskunnassa ja koettua kollektiivista tehokkuutta. Tutkimus perustuu Kambodzhasta ja Suomesta kerättyihin laajoihin kyselyaineistoihin.Tutkimuksen teoreettinen viitekehys on sosiologinen. Keskeinen analyysin väline on kulttuurinen toimijateoria (Cultural Agency Theory, CAT), joka mallintaa kollektiivisuuden tasoja ja kollektiivisia toimintoja. Sitä voidaan hyödyntää esimerkiksi ammattiyhdistysten tutkimuksessa.Tutkimuksen tulosten perusteella Kambodzhassa on paljon vaikeampaa luoda kollektiivista toimintaa perheyhteisön ulkopuolella kuin individualistisena pidetyssä Suomessa. Sekä poliittinen aktiivisuus että kollektiivinen toiminta on Suomessa aktiivisempaa kuin Kambodzhassa. Teos osoittaa, että kysymykset individualismista ja kollektiivisuudesta ovat paljon monimutkaisempia kuin yleisesti oletetaan. This comparative study aims to develop a deeper understanding of collectivism, trade unionism, and the capacity to create collective action using Finland and Cambodia as examples of individualistic and collectivistic societies, respectively.The study has two goals: 1) To explore the relationship between collective action, and the level and forms of collectivism in Cambodia and in Finland. 2) To explain if and how the level of collectivism affects the degree of cooperation inside the living system. Phenomena such as political participation, family values, levels of trust within the society, and perceived collective efficacy are examined. The study is based on extensive survey data collected in Cambodia and Finland.The theoretical framework is sociological, involving the study of social systems within which observed regularities emerge and evolve through collaborative and collective behaviour. This approach also entails the personality systems of individual actors and the cultural system built into their actions. The main analytical tool used in the study is the Cultural Agency Theory (CAT).Significant differences were found in how individuals behave at the societal level. Collective action and political participation occur at a higher level in Finland compared to Cambodia. The results also show that the question of individualism versus collectivism is more complex than is generally believed.

Sociology & anthropology --- collective action, trade unionism, trust, individualism, collectivism, human agency, Cultural Agency Theory, Cambodia, Finland --- Collectivism. --- Individualism. --- Political participation. --- ammattiyhdistystoiminta. --- kansainvälinen vertailu. --- kollektiivinen toiminta. --- individualismi. --- kollektivismi. --- ammattiyhdistykset. --- yhteistyö. --- poliittinen osallistuminen. --- luottamus. --- toimijuus. --- sosiologia. --- fackföreningsverksamhet. --- internationell jämförelse. --- kollektiv verksamhet. --- individualism. --- kollektivism. --- fackföreningar. --- samarbete. --- politisk aktivitet. --- förtroende. --- agentskap. --- sociologi. --- Cambodia. --- Finland. --- Kambodža. --- Suomi. --- Kambodja. --- politiskt deltagande.

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This book comprises six papers published in the Special Issue “Environmental and Economic Evaluations of Building Energy Retrofits”. The six papers each adopt different perspectives in investigating building energy retrofit practices in Hong Kong, Poland, the Netherlands, Finland, and Italy. The target of the studies includes campus buildings, renovation options for modernist housing estates, green building certification schemes, practitioners’ views and practices, and energy system performance.

building energy performance --- building energy retrofits --- green building certification --- transaction costs --- agency theory --- incentives --- facility management --- KPI --- refurbishment --- renovation --- retrofit --- survey --- building energy system optimization --- renewable energy retrofit --- life cycle emission --- building energy retrofitting --- building information modelling (BIM) --- energy performance evaluation --- BREEAM-NL --- energy transition --- RACI matrix --- LCOH --- life-cycle cost --- heating --- cooling --- heat pump --- fossil fuel --- biomass --- greenhouse gas --- architecture --- “Renovation Wave” --- energy-efficiency --- CO2 emissions --- well-being

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Microeconomics --- Social ethics --- Agency (Law) --- Bedrijfsethiek --- Business ethics --- Contrats par représentation --- Corporate culture --- Culture [Corporate ] --- Culture d'entreprise --- Culture d'organisation --- Culture de l'organisation --- Culture organisationnelle --- Entreprise [Culture d' ] --- Institutional culture --- Morale des affaires --- Mémoire d'entreprise --- Mémoire de l'organisation --- Mémoire organisationnelle --- Ondernemingsethiek --- Organisatiecultuur --- Organizational culture --- Représentation (Droit) --- Représentation conventionnelle --- Représentation en justice --- Représentation judiciaire --- Représentation juridique --- Représentation légale --- Vertegenwoordiging (Recht) --- Wettelijke vertegenwoordiger --- Executives --- Chinese language --- Mandat --- Professional ethics --- Dialects --- Mandarin --- 174.5 --- -Business executives --- Company officers --- Corporate officers --- Corporation executives --- Managers --- Management --- Culture, Corporate --- Corporations --- Organizational behavior --- Business anthropology --- Business --- Businesspeople --- Commercial ethics --- Corporate ethics --- Corporation ethics --- Wealth --- Attorneys --- Principal and agent --- Commercial law --- Contracts --- Partnership --- Commercial agents --- Mandate (Contract) --- Economische ethiek. Speculatie --- Sociological aspects --- Moral and ethical aspects --- -Economische ethiek. Speculatie --- 174.5 Economische ethiek. Speculatie --- -Culture, Corporate --- Business executives --- Business ethics. --- Executives - Professional ethics. --- Corporate culture. --- Agency theory --- Business and ethics