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By stimulating adrenal gland and corticosteroid synthesis, the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) plays a central role in response to stress. In this Research Topic, a particular attention has been given to the recent developments on adrenocortical zonation; the growth-promoting activities of ACTH; the various steps involved in acute and chronic regulation of steroid secretion by ACTH, including the effect of ACTH on circadian rhythms of glucocorticoid secretion. The Research Topic also reviews progress and challenges surrounding the properties of ACTH binding to the MC2 receptor (MC2R), including the importance of melanocortin-2 receptor accessory protein (MRAP) in MC2R expression and function, the various intracellular signaling cascades, which involve not only protein kinase A, the key mediator of ACTH action, but also phosphatases, phosphodiesterases, ion channels and the cytoskeleton. The importance of the proteins involved in the cell detoxification is also considered, in particular the effect that ACTH has on protection against reactive oxygen species generated during steroidogenesis. The impact of the cellular microenvironment, including local production of ACTH is discussed, both as an important factor in the maintenance of homeostasis, but also in pathological situations, such as severe inflammation. Finally, the Research Topic reviews the role that the pituitary-adrenal axis may have in the development of metabolic disorders. In addition to mutations or alterations of expression of genes encoding components of the steroidogenesis and signaling pathways, chronic stress and sleep disturbance are both associated with hyperactivity of the adrenal gland. A resulting effect is increased glucocorticoid secretion inducing food intake and weight gain, which, in turn, leads to insulin and leptin resistance. These aspects are described in detail in this Research Topic by key investigators in the field. Many of the aspects addressed in this Research Topic still represent a stimulus for future studies, their outcome aimed at providing evidence of the central position occupied by the adrenal cortex in many metabolic functions when its homeostasis is disrupted. An in-depth investigation of the mechanisms underlying these pathways will be invaluable in developing new therapeutic tools and strategies.

ACTH. --- Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. --- Adrenal Cortex --- cortisol --- MC2R --- signaling --- corticosteroids --- proliferation --- adrenal tumors --- Cushing --- ACTH --- Aldosterone

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Major technological advances in genomics have made it possible to identify critical genetic alterations in cancer, rendering oncology well along the path to “personalised cancer medicine”. Thanks to developments in genetics, several mutations and gene rearrangements have been identified in patients with endocrine cancers (e.g., thyroid and adrenocortical carcinoma). In particular, each patient can be considered as a unique, individual one, with unique genetic information. The aim of this Special Issue is to offer an overview of exciting new research in the area of endocrine tumours may set the stage for an innovative personalised management and precision medicine modalities for individualised care.New affordable individual genomic analyses, as well as the opportunity to test new compounds in primary cells may allow a personalised management of patients with endocrine malignancies. This approach may improve the prediction of clinical outcome and therapeutic effectiveness, as well as help to avoid the use of ineffective drugs. However, further efforts are needed to obtain an adjustment of clinical management in patients with endocrine cancers that would rely solely or in great part on genetic information. This Special Issue includes basic, translational, and clinical papers on personalised medicine in endocrine malignancies (i.e., thyroid and adrenal), especially focusing on diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as novel drug targets or targeted treatments, including eventual clinical trials.

Medicine --- papillary thyroid cancer --- SUV PET/CT --- BRAF V600E --- immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) --- ipilimumab --- nivolumab --- prolactinoma --- Cushing’s disease --- aggressive pituitary tumor --- aggressive PitNET --- aggressive pituitary adenoma --- pituitary carcinoma --- adrenocortical cancer --- adrenal adenomas --- adrenal tumors --- p53 --- p27 --- ki-67 --- reticulin --- mitotane --- adjuvant treatment --- recurrence --- recurrence free survival --- timing --- intratumoral heterogeneity --- thyroid tumor --- BRAF --- RET/PTC rearrangements --- RAS mutation --- adrenal cortex --- carcinoma --- angiogenesis --- gene expression --- osteopontin --- hyaluronan synthase 1 --- multikinase inhibitors --- sorafenib --- lenvatinib --- differentiated thyroid cancer --- radioiodine resistance --- predictive marker --- predictors --- response to treatment --- survival --- information needs and preferences --- focus group interview --- personalized medicine --- neuroendocrine tumours --- phaeochromocytoma --- paraganglioma --- molecular clusters --- n/a --- Cushing's disease

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• EndNote
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Major technological advances in genomics have made it possible to identify critical genetic alterations in cancer, rendering oncology well along the path to “personalised cancer medicine”. Thanks to developments in genetics, several mutations and gene rearrangements have been identified in patients with endocrine cancers (e.g., thyroid and adrenocortical carcinoma). In particular, each patient can be considered as a unique, individual one, with unique genetic information. The aim of this Special Issue is to offer an overview of exciting new research in the area of endocrine tumours may set the stage for an innovative personalised management and precision medicine modalities for individualised care.New affordable individual genomic analyses, as well as the opportunity to test new compounds in primary cells may allow a personalised management of patients with endocrine malignancies. This approach may improve the prediction of clinical outcome and therapeutic effectiveness, as well as help to avoid the use of ineffective drugs. However, further efforts are needed to obtain an adjustment of clinical management in patients with endocrine cancers that would rely solely or in great part on genetic information. This Special Issue includes basic, translational, and clinical papers on personalised medicine in endocrine malignancies (i.e., thyroid and adrenal), especially focusing on diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as novel drug targets or targeted treatments, including eventual clinical trials.

Medicine --- papillary thyroid cancer --- SUV PET/CT --- BRAF V600E --- immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) --- ipilimumab --- nivolumab --- prolactinoma --- Cushing's disease --- aggressive pituitary tumor --- aggressive PitNET --- aggressive pituitary adenoma --- pituitary carcinoma --- adrenocortical cancer --- adrenal adenomas --- adrenal tumors --- p53 --- p27 --- ki-67 --- reticulin --- mitotane --- adjuvant treatment --- recurrence --- recurrence free survival --- timing --- intratumoral heterogeneity --- thyroid tumor --- BRAF --- RET/PTC rearrangements --- RAS mutation --- adrenal cortex --- carcinoma --- angiogenesis --- gene expression --- osteopontin --- hyaluronan synthase 1 --- multikinase inhibitors --- sorafenib --- lenvatinib --- differentiated thyroid cancer --- radioiodine resistance --- predictive marker --- predictors --- response to treatment --- survival --- information needs and preferences --- focus group interview --- personalized medicine --- neuroendocrine tumours --- phaeochromocytoma --- paraganglioma --- molecular clusters