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Due diligence is a prominent concept in international law. Still, for long, its role seemed to be that of a familiar stranger. Frequent referrals to the concept in arbitral awards, court decisions, and in scholarly discussions mostly on state responsibility hide the fact that the specific normative content and systemic relation of due diligence to rules and principles of international law has largely remained unexplored. The present book provides the first comprehensive analysis of the content, scope, and function of due diligence across various areas of international law, including international environmental law, international peace and security law, and international economic law. Sector by sector, contributors explore the diverse interactions between due diligence and area-specific substantive and procedural rules as well as general principles of international law. The book exposes the promises and limits of due diligence for enhancing accountability and compliance and identifies the rise of due diligence as a signal for change in the international legal order towards risk management and proceduralisation.

International obligations. --- Government liability (International law) --- Reasonable care (Law) --- Obligations internationales --- Etat --- Personne raisonnable (Droit) --- Responsabilité (Droit international) --- International law --- Jurisprudence --- Natural law --- Adequate care (Law) --- Carelessness (Law) --- Due care (Law) --- Duty of care (Law) --- Diligence --- Negligence --- Torts --- Philosophy

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This paper introduces a micro-founded methodological framework to estimate the housing deficit across and within emerging economies. It introduces the Adequate Housing Index, which provides a comparable assessment of adequate housing based on seven adequacy dimensions that are held constant across all countries. The adequacy dimensions were obtained and harmonized from countries' most recent household expenditure and consumption surveys. The paper documents large differences in housing adequacy across a sample of 64 emerging economies, as well as wide within-country disparities such as across income groups, locations, and occupations. Estimates of the Adequate Housing Index show that across the sample of 64 emerging economies, there is a current housing deficit of 268 million housing units affecting 1.26 billion people. About 26 percent of the current housing stock in these economies is inadequate. The paper further estimates that at least 40 million additional housing units will have to be added by 2030 to provide adequate housing to all and accommodate the growing population and urbanization patterns.

Adequate Housing Index --- AHI --- Emerging Economies --- Energy --- Energy Policies and Economics --- Household Survey --- Housing Deficit --- Municipal Housing and Land --- SDG 11 --- Urban Development --- Urban Governance and Management --- Urban Housing

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This anthology of the work of Baruch de Spinoza (1632-1677) presents the text of Spinoza's masterwork, the Ethics, in what is now the standard translation by Edwin Curley. Also included are selections from other works by Spinoza, chosen by Curley to make the Ethics easier to understand, and a substantial introduction that gives an overview of Spinoza's life and the main themes of his philosophy. Perfect for course use, the Spinoza Reader is a practical tool with which to approach one of the world's greatest but most difficult thinkers, a passionate seeker of the truth who has been viewed by some as an atheist and by others as a religious mystic. The anthology begins with the opening section of the Treatise on the Emendation of the Intellect, which has always moved readers by its description of the young Spinoza's spiritual quest, his dissatisfaction with the things people ordinarily strive for--wealth, honor, and sensual pleasure--and his hope that the pursuit of knowledge would lead him to discover the true good. The emphasis throughout these selections is on metaphysical, epistemological, and religious issues: the existence and nature of God, his relation to the world, the nature of the human mind and its relation to the body, and the theory of demonstration, axioms, and definitions. For each of these topics, the editor supplements the rigorous discussions in the Ethics with informal treatments from Spinoza's other works.

Ethics --- Philosophy --- Early works to 1800. --- action/act/active. --- adequate idea. --- affect. --- ambition. --- appetite. --- attribute. --- blessedness/blessed. --- body. --- body/corporeal substance/corporeal. --- cause. --- certainty/certain. --- clear and distinct. --- contingency. --- contingent. --- creation/create/creator. --- definition. --- desire. --- essence. --- freedom. --- good. --- human. --- idea. --- intellect/intellectual. --- knowledge. --- mind. --- order. --- perfection/perfect. --- power. --- reason/reasoning.

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A woman glances at a broken clock and comes to believe it is a quarter past seven. Yet, despite the broken clock, it really does happen to be a quarter past seven. Her belief is true, but it isn't knowledge. This is a classic illustration of a central problem in epistemology: determining what knowledge requires in addition to true belief. In this provocative book, Richard Foley finds a new solution to the problem in the observation that whenever someone has a true belief but not knowledge, there is some significant aspect of the situation about which she lacks true beliefs--something important that she doesn't quite "get." This may seem a modest point but, as Foley shows, it has the potential to reorient the theory of knowledge. Whether a true belief counts as knowledge depends on the importance of the information one does or doesn't have. This means that questions of knowledge cannot be separated from questions about human concerns and values. It also means that, contrary to what is often thought, there is no privileged way of coming to know. Knowledge is a mutt. Proper pedigree is not required. What matters is that one doesn't lack important nearby information. Challenging some of the central assumptions of contemporary epistemology, this is an original and important account of knowledge.

Belief and doubt. --- Knowledge, Theory of. --- Conviction --- Doubt --- Consciousness --- Credulity --- Emotions --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Philosophy --- Psychology --- Religion --- Will --- Agnosticism --- Rationalism --- Skepticism --- Epistemology --- Theory of knowledge --- Belief and doubt --- Edmund Gettier. --- Gettier game. --- Peter Klein. --- Rain Man. --- a priori knowledge. --- accurate beliefs. --- adequate information view. --- adequate information. --- associated truths. --- autobiographical knowledge stories. --- awareness. --- belief system. --- belief. --- beliefs. --- blind luck. --- collective acceptance. --- collective knowledge. --- comprehensive beliefs. --- conjunctions. --- contemporary epistemology. --- contingent truths. --- counterfactual truths. --- crucial information. --- deception. --- defeasibility theory. --- defeasibility. --- demon hypothesis. --- disjunctions. --- epistemically rational belief. --- epistemology. --- facts. --- fiction. --- first-person beliefs. --- fixedness. --- general theory of rationality. --- global luck. --- human concerns. --- human values. --- ignorance. --- imagination. --- important truths. --- indefeasible justification. --- independent information. --- individual achievements. --- individual beliefs. --- individual human knowledge. --- individual knowledge. --- information gap. --- information gaps. --- information. --- inquiry. --- instability. --- intellectual specialization. --- introspective knowledge. --- intuitions. --- justification theorists. --- justification-based theories. --- justification. --- justifications. --- justified belief. --- justified true belief. --- knowledge block. --- knowledge blocks. --- knowledge gap. --- knowledge stories. --- knowledge. --- literary devices. --- local luck. --- lottery stories. --- lottery ticket. --- lottery. --- luck. --- lucky knowledge. --- misleading defeaters. --- missing information. --- morals. --- narrow knowledge. --- necessary truths. --- neighboring opinions. --- nondefective justification. --- ordinary belief. --- perceptual knowledge. --- philosophical problems. --- pragmatism. --- preface. --- rational belief. --- rationality. --- reliability theories. --- reliability theorists. --- reliability. --- reoriented epistemology. --- reverse lottery stories. --- skepticism. --- tests. --- theory of justified belief. --- theory of knowledge. --- tracking theories. --- true belief value. --- true belief. --- true beliefs. --- truth tracking. --- truth. --- truths. --- unstable beliefs. --- value. --- winning ticket. --- working familiarity.

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Human lactation has evolved to produce a milk composition that is uniquely-designed for the human infant. Not only does human milk optimize infant growth and development, it also provides protection from infection and disease. More recently, the importance of human milk and breastfeeding in the programming of infant health has risen to the fore. Anchoring of infant feeding in the developmental origins of health and disease has led to a resurgence of research focused in this area. Milk composition is highly variable both between and within mothers. Indeed the distinct maternal human milk signature, including its own microbiome, is influenced by environmental factors, such as diet, health, body composition and geographic residence. An understanding of these changes will lead to unravelling the adaptation of milk to the environment and its impact on the infant. In terms of the promotion of breastfeeding, health economics and epidemiology is instrumental in shaping public health policy and identifying barriers to breastfeeding. Further, basic research is imperative in order to design evidence-based interventions to improve both breastfeeding duration and women’s breastfeeding experience.

Cambodia --- milk metabolomics --- galactogogues --- adequate intake --- postnatal outcomes --- cytomegalovirus --- midwifery --- milk synthesis --- chromatography --- protein --- lactoferrin --- human lactation --- ultrasound skinfolds --- breastfed infants --- knowledge --- pregnancy --- casein --- SEA --- maternal factors --- ethnicity --- post-partum distress --- bottle --- composition --- feeding --- co-sleeping --- passive immunity --- glycerophosphocholine --- anthropometrics --- antimicrobial proteins --- professional support --- mothers of preterm infants --- responsive feeding --- lactating women --- peptidomics --- triiodothyronine --- preterm --- mother–infant physical contact --- expressing --- preterm infant --- appetite regulation --- justification of supplementation --- body composition --- zinc supplementation --- antibodies --- antisecretory factor --- proteolysis --- enteral nutrition --- Ecuador --- growth factors --- maternal responsiveness --- maternal wellbeing --- nipple shield --- microbiome --- maternal distress --- sodium --- thyroid --- maternal diet --- thyroxine --- IgA --- caesarean section --- raw breast milk --- colostrum --- fatty acids --- breast milk --- immune cells --- metabolites --- PEA --- premature --- mode of delivery --- endocannabinoids --- lipids --- practice --- fat synthesis --- attitudes --- feeding cues --- infant --- Docosahexaenoic acid --- Arachidonic acid --- GDM --- milk-acquired infections --- zinc deficiency --- ICP-OES --- social support --- infants --- omega-6 fatty acids --- infant health --- HGF --- omega-3 fatty acids --- OEA --- leptin --- milk metabolites --- Canada --- mother–infant interaction --- NMR spectroscopy --- lipidomics --- infection --- breastfeeding support --- prematurity --- phosphocholine --- immunity --- Quito --- sex-specificity --- choline --- paternal role --- inflammation --- docosahexaenoic acid --- partner support --- proximal care --- thyroid antibodies --- adipokines --- calculated daily intakes --- candida --- proton nuclear magnetic resonance --- N-acylethanolamines --- milk intake --- whey --- bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy --- breastfeeding --- n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid --- babywearing --- milk composition --- breastmilk --- obesity --- lactation --- infant growth --- formula supplementation --- early life nutrition --- adiponectin --- milk cells --- potassium --- human milk --- long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids --- Andean region --- Ireland --- mass spectrometry --- geographical location --- diet --- dietary recommendations --- TGF-? --- ion selective electrode --- plasma zinc --- barriers --- infant feeding --- human milk composition --- Breastfeeding