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Total energy expenditures for the Indian population between 1983 and 2012 are estimated to shed light on the debate concerning falling measured caloric intake during the period (Deaton and Dre ze 2009). Anthropometric, time-use, and detailed employment surveys are used to estimate the separate components of total energy expenditure related to metabolism and physical activity levels. Despite a significant drop in adult physical activity levels, total energy expenditures are flat overall between 1983 and 2012. Rising metabolic requirements due to increases in weight dampened the effect of falling activity levels on total energy expenditure. In addition, the 10 percent decline in the population share of children in the period raised average total energy expenditures considerably as children have much lower metabolic requirements and activity levels than adults.

Caloric Intake --- Energy Expenditure --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Metabolism --- Nutrition --- Physical Activity Level

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Children’s bone growth is continuous, and remodelling is always extensive. Growth proceeds from a vulnerable part of the bone, the growth plate. In remodelling, old bone tissue is gradually replaced by new tissue. Many bone disorders arise from the changes that occur in a growing child’s musculoskeletal system, and these disorders can positively or negatively impact bone development. Other bone disorders may be inherited or occur in childhood for unknown reasons.Bone disorders in children can result from factors that affect people of all ages, including injury, infection (osteomyelitis), cancer, and metabolic diseases. Causes of bone disorders can involve the gradual misalignment of bones and stress on growth plates during growth. Congenital deformities such as clubfoot or developmental dysplasia of the hip can lead to important alterations of bone development, causing severe dysfunction. Certain rare connective tissue disorders can also affect the bones, such as Marfan syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta, and osteochondrodysplasias.Many specialists are involved in the management of bone development disorders in children and adolescents, such as neurosurgeons, plastic surgeons, general surgeons, ORL surgeons, maxillofacial surgeons, orthopaedics, radiologists, and pediatric intensive care physicians.The aim of this Special Issue is to present the latest research on the etiology, physiopathology, diagnosis and screening, management, and rehabilitation related to bone development and disease in infants, focusing on congenital, developmental, post-traumatic, and post-infective disorders.

pediatric --- growing age --- complex regional pain syndrome --- reflex sympathetic dystrophy --- multidisciplinary --- physical therapy --- cognitive behavioral therapy --- drugs --- pharmacological treatment --- occupational therapy --- supracondylar humerus fracture --- humerus fracture --- upper limb fracture --- fracture laterality --- handedness --- pediatric orthopedics --- developmental dysplasia of the hip --- DDH --- treatment --- conservative --- bracing --- dynamic splint --- static splint --- Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease --- Herring lateral pillar classification --- Stulberg classification --- Waldenström stage --- duration --- chronological age --- skeletal maturity --- Cervical Vertebral Maturation --- douple diapering --- neonatal hip --- DDH prevention --- hip positioning --- hip extension --- hip adduction --- clubfoot --- CTEV --- sport --- sport practice --- sport activity level --- young athletes --- ponseti method --- bone tumors --- Ewing’s sarcoma --- infants --- children --- composite prosthesis --- Pirani score --- Dimeglio score --- interobserver reliability --- congenital talipes equinovarus --- hemophilia --- prophylaxis --- high-impact sports --- physical activity --- psychological wellness --- trauma --- lockdown --- pandemic --- SARS-Co-V-2 --- n/a --- Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease --- Waldenström stage --- Ewing's sarcoma

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The book has 25 articles about the status and new directions in forensic genetics. Approximately half of the articles are invited reviews, and the remaining articles deal with new forensic genetic methods. The articles cover aspects such as sampling DNA evidence at the scene of a crime; DNA transfer when handling evidence material and how to avoid DNA contamination of items, laboratory, etc.; identification of body fluids and tissues with RNA; forensic microbiome analysis with molecular biology methods as a supplement to the examination of human DNA; forensic DNA phenotyping for predicting visible traits such as eye, hair, and skin colour; new ancestry informative DNA markers for estimating ethnic origin; new genetic genealogy methods for identifying distant relatives that cannot be identified with conventional forensic DNA typing; sensitive DNA methods, including single-cell DNA analysis and other highly specialised and sensitive methods to examine ancient DNA from unidentified victims of war; forensic animal genetics; genetics of visible traits in dogs; statistical tools for interpreting forensic DNA analyses, including the most used IT tools for forensic STR-typing and DNA sequencing; haploid markers (Y-chromosome and mitochondria DNA); inference of ethnic origin; a comprehensive logical framework for the interpretation of forensic genetic DNA data; and an overview of the ethical aspects of modern forensic genetics.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Genetics (non-medical) --- TaqMan SNP genotyping --- OpenArray™ system --- forensic DNA phenotyping --- forensic DNA typing --- animal forensics --- wildlife forensics --- cat STRs --- dog STRs --- cyt b --- COI --- biogeographic ancestry --- pigmentation --- skin color --- externally visible characteristics --- forensic genetics --- eye colour --- rs12913832 --- DNA phenotyping --- domestic dog (Canis familiaris) --- canine DNA phenotyping --- forensic --- proof of concept study --- evidence --- Y-STR --- mtDNA --- mitochondria --- bio-geographical ancestry --- massively parallel sequencing --- ancestry informative markers --- SNPs --- 1000 Genomes --- Human Origins SNP array --- FDP --- HIrisPlex-S --- DEPArray --- ancestry prediction --- phenotype prediction --- next-generation sequencing --- single-cell genomics --- single-cell sequencing --- mixture deconvolution --- low template DNA --- ltDNA --- probabilistic genotyping --- EuroForMix --- DNAStatistX --- STRmixTM --- DNA forensics --- DNA mixture --- mixture interpretation --- single-cell --- clustering algorithm --- number of contributors --- consensus profile --- cross-amplification --- microsatellites --- Strigiformes --- illegal trade --- kinship --- nocturnal raptors --- review --- body fluid --- organ --- tissue --- identification --- mRNA --- DNA methylation --- activity level --- massively parallel sequencing (MPS) --- next-generation sequencing (NGS) --- short tandem repeat (STR) --- sequence analysis --- software --- DNA transfer --- DNA persistence --- DNA prevalence --- DNA recovery --- activity level evaluation --- forensic science --- ethics --- ethics as lived practice --- decision-making --- genetic databasing --- forensic genealogy --- forensic epigenetics --- communication --- database --- SNP --- next generation sequencing --- hybridization capture --- bone --- transfer --- persistence --- activity --- Bayesian networks --- burglary --- CODIS --- touch DNA --- crime scene --- authorized --- sampling --- short tandem repeat --- forensic microbiology --- microbiome --- physical appearance --- human genome variation --- DNA-based prediction --- investigative leads --- forensic DNA intelligence --- forensic genomics --- degraded DNA --- mitochondrial DNA --- forensic DNA profiling --- ancient DNA --- human identification --- ancestry --- biostatistics --- clustering --- classification --- distance based --- likehood --- hypothesis tests --- DNA molecules --- decontamination --- cleaning strategies --- Romanov family --- next generation sequencing (NGS) --- heteroplasmy --- single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) --- kinship analyses --- biological sexing --- DNA --- principles of interpretation --- investigative --- evaluative --- reporting --- LR --- propositions --- activity issues --- TaqMan SNP genotyping --- OpenArray™ system --- forensic DNA phenotyping --- forensic DNA typing --- animal forensics --- wildlife forensics --- cat STRs --- dog STRs --- cyt b --- COI --- biogeographic ancestry --- pigmentation --- skin color --- externally visible characteristics --- forensic genetics --- eye colour --- rs12913832 --- DNA phenotyping --- domestic dog (Canis familiaris) --- canine DNA phenotyping --- forensic --- proof of concept study --- evidence --- Y-STR --- mtDNA --- mitochondria --- bio-geographical ancestry --- massively parallel sequencing --- ancestry informative markers --- SNPs --- 1000 Genomes --- Human Origins SNP array --- FDP --- HIrisPlex-S --- DEPArray --- ancestry prediction --- phenotype prediction --- next-generation sequencing --- single-cell genomics --- single-cell sequencing --- mixture deconvolution --- low template DNA --- ltDNA --- probabilistic genotyping --- EuroForMix --- DNAStatistX --- STRmixTM --- DNA forensics --- DNA mixture --- mixture interpretation --- single-cell --- clustering algorithm --- number of contributors --- consensus profile --- cross-amplification --- microsatellites --- Strigiformes --- illegal trade --- kinship --- nocturnal raptors --- review --- body fluid --- organ --- tissue --- identification --- mRNA --- DNA methylation --- activity level --- massively parallel sequencing (MPS) --- next-generation sequencing (NGS) --- short tandem repeat (STR) --- sequence analysis --- software --- DNA transfer --- DNA persistence --- DNA prevalence --- DNA recovery --- activity level evaluation --- forensic science --- ethics --- ethics as lived practice --- decision-making --- genetic databasing --- forensic genealogy --- forensic epigenetics --- communication --- database --- SNP --- next generation sequencing --- hybridization capture --- bone --- transfer --- persistence --- activity --- Bayesian networks --- burglary --- CODIS --- touch DNA --- crime scene --- authorized --- sampling --- short tandem repeat --- forensic microbiology --- microbiome --- physical appearance --- human genome variation --- DNA-based prediction --- investigative leads --- forensic DNA intelligence --- forensic genomics --- degraded DNA --- mitochondrial DNA --- forensic DNA profiling --- ancient DNA --- human identification --- ancestry --- biostatistics --- clustering --- classification --- distance based --- likehood --- hypothesis tests --- DNA molecules --- decontamination --- cleaning strategies --- Romanov family --- next generation sequencing (NGS) --- heteroplasmy --- single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) --- kinship analyses --- biological sexing --- DNA --- principles of interpretation --- investigative --- evaluative --- reporting --- LR --- propositions --- activity issues