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Proteins represent one of the most abundant classes of biological macromolecules and play crucial roles in a vast array of physiological and pathological processes. The knowledge of the 3D structure of a protein, as well as the possible conformational transitions occurring upon interaction with diverse ligands, are essential to fully comprehend its biological function.In addition to globular, well-folded proteins, over the past few years, intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) have received a lot of attention. IDPs are usually aggregation-prone and may form toxic amyloid fibers and oligomers associated with several human pathologies. Peptides are smaller in size than proteins but similarly represent key elements of cells. A few peptides are able to work as tumor markers and find applications in the diagnostic and therapeutic fields. The conformational analysis of bioactive peptides is important to design novel potential drugs acting as selective modulators of specific receptors or enzymes. Nevertheless, synthetic peptides reproducing different protein fragments have frequently been implemented as model systems in folding studies relying on structural investigations in water and/or other environments.This book contains contributions (seven original research articles and five reviews published in the journal Molecules) on the above-described topics and, in detail, it includes structural studies on globular folded proteins, IDPs and bioactive peptides. These works were conducted usingdifferent experimental methods.

mass spectrometric epitope mapping --- gas phase immune complex dissociation --- apparent gas phase dissociation constants --- apparent gas phase activation energies --- ITEM-TWO --- native mass spectrometry --- TRIOBP --- cancer --- deafness --- hearing loss --- mental illness --- schizophrenia --- actin --- cytoskeleton --- disordered structure --- protein aggregation --- solid-state NMR --- ELDOR-detected NMR --- ATP hydrolysis --- ATP analogues --- DnaB helicase --- ABC transporter --- biopesticides --- antifungal activity --- insecticidal activity --- mechanism of action --- transgenic crops --- protein folding --- NMR --- High Hydrostatic Pressure --- ACE2 --- viral spike receptor-binding domain --- SARS-CoV-2 --- transmission --- bioinformatics --- IDP 1 --- binding 2 --- molecular dynamics 3 --- MELD×MD 4 --- advanced sampling 5 --- p53 6 --- MDM2 7 --- NAD(P)H-dependent oxidoreductase --- zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase --- cofactor binding and release --- interdomain cleft dynamics --- molecular dynamics simulations --- denatured state ensemble --- protein coil library --- peptides --- intrinsically disordered proteins --- ion-pairing interaction --- side-chain length --- charged amino acids --- β-hairpin --- peptide --- Friedman’s test --- backbone atom coordinate variances and uncertainties --- superimposition --- nanobody --- protein structure --- immunoglobulin domain --- n/a --- Friedman's test

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Advances in nanotechnology have boosted the development of more efficient materials, with emerging sectors (electronics, energy, aerospace, etc.) demanding novel materials to fulfill the complex technical requirements of their products. This is the case of polymeric foams, which may display good structural properties alongside functional characteristics through a complex composition and (micro)structure in which a gas phase is combined with rigid ones, mainly based on nanoparticles, dispersed throughout the polymer matrix. In recent years, there has been an important impulse in the development of nanocomposite foams, extending the concept of nanocomposites to the field of cellular materials. This, alongside developments in new advanced foaming technologies which have allowed the generation of foams with micro, sub-micro, and even nanocellular structures, has extended the applications of more traditional foams in terms of weight reduction, damping, and thermal and/or acoustic insulation to novel possibilities, such as electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. This Special Issue, which consists of a total of 22 articles, including one review article written by research groups of experts in the field, considers recent research on novel polymer-based foams in all their aspects: design, composition, processing and fabrication, microstructure, characterization and analysis, applications and service behavior, recycling and reuse, etc.

graphene oxide --- n/a --- microstructure --- multi-objective particle swarm optimization --- electromagnetic wave absorption --- polyamide --- lignin --- expandable microspheres --- surfactants --- aluminum microfibers --- biomaterials --- permittivity --- compression properties --- shock compression --- syntactic foams --- 1 --- impact wedge–peel test --- phenolic foams --- 3 --- foam extrusion --- energy conservation --- heat transfer --- heterogeneous nucleation --- polyurethane foam --- leaching test --- functional --- cellulose foam --- impact property --- foam injection molding --- itaconic acid --- composites --- foaming quality --- phosphorus flame retardants --- polymer waste --- metallic tube --- 5-benzene-trisamides --- polyurethane foam composites --- polyetherimide foams --- scCO2 --- Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer --- thermal conductivity --- ethyl cellulose --- super critical CO2 --- thermal insulation --- cell nucleation --- crystalline --- polypropylene --- PZT --- burning characteristic --- foams --- quasi-static compression tests --- flame-retardant ABS microcellular foams --- nanotubes --- conductivity --- energy absorption capability --- intrinsic toughness --- ternary synergistic effect --- multilayers --- absorbent PMI foam --- semi-rigid polyurethane foams --- phosphorus --- EMI --- supramolecular additives --- MuCell® injection-molding foaming --- piezocomposite --- ultrasonication --- scCO2 foaming --- automobile structural adhesives --- thermogravimetric analysis --- rigid polyurethane foam --- failure mechanism --- mechanical properties --- multifunctional foams --- SANS --- fluoelastomer --- sound absorption coefficient --- acoustic performances --- functional foam --- foam morphology --- mechanical property --- polystyrene foams --- piezoelectric --- graphene --- Pluronic --- epoxy composite foam adhesive --- polymers --- flame retardancy --- core–shell rubber --- extrusion foaming --- equation of state --- cellulose nanofiber --- epoxy --- DOPO --- PUR --- grey relational analysis --- activation energies --- adjacent façade --- electrical conductivity --- impact wedge-peel test --- core-shell rubber --- adjacent façade