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Cosmetic products undergo nowadays rigorous Quality Control testing to ensure that they are safe and stable and that their claims are substantiated by scientifically robust data. Quality Control tests used in the pharmaceutical industry can be applicable also for cosmetic formulations. However, claim substantiation testing is unique to cosmetic products. To enable time- and cost-effective quality control testing, assessment methodologies constantly keep evolving. This Special Issue includes manuscripts that explore all stages of Quality Control testing for cosmetic products, i.e., (1) physicochemical stability testing; (2) microbial stability testing; (3) efficacy testing including objective/subjective claim substantiation testing and the evaluation of sensorial properties; (4) toxicological/safety testing with emphasis on current and evolving methodologies that replace animal testing.

safety --- cosmetics --- botanicals --- toxicology --- TTC --- solar elastosis --- collagen type I --- solar radiation --- non-melanoma skin cancers --- photoaging --- tattoos --- permanent makeup --- PMU --- colorants --- pigments --- cosmetic product safety --- non-animal-testing methodologies --- dermal absorption --- skin irritation --- skin sensitization --- genotoxicity --- endocrine disruptors --- active compounds --- assay --- cosmeceutics --- functional cosmetics --- HPLC–UV --- labelling --- retinoids --- tocopherol --- ubiquinone --- β carotene --- stability testing --- stability protocol --- accelerated ageing --- shelf life --- minimally disruptive formulas --- direct to consumer --- retail model --- sensory testing --- refractive index --- critical wavelength --- turbidity --- skin hydration --- creams --- n/a --- HPLC-UV

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Cosmetic products undergo nowadays rigorous Quality Control testing to ensure that they are safe and stable and that their claims are substantiated by scientifically robust data. Quality Control tests used in the pharmaceutical industry can be applicable also for cosmetic formulations. However, claim substantiation testing is unique to cosmetic products. To enable time- and cost-effective quality control testing, assessment methodologies constantly keep evolving. This Special Issue includes manuscripts that explore all stages of Quality Control testing for cosmetic products, i.e., (1) physicochemical stability testing; (2) microbial stability testing; (3) efficacy testing including objective/subjective claim substantiation testing and the evaluation of sensorial properties; (4) toxicological/safety testing with emphasis on current and evolving methodologies that replace animal testing.

Research & information: general --- Chemistry --- Physical chemistry --- safety --- cosmetics --- botanicals --- toxicology --- TTC --- solar elastosis --- collagen type I --- solar radiation --- non-melanoma skin cancers --- photoaging --- tattoos --- permanent makeup --- PMU --- colorants --- pigments --- cosmetic product safety --- non-animal-testing methodologies --- dermal absorption --- skin irritation --- skin sensitization --- genotoxicity --- endocrine disruptors --- active compounds --- assay --- cosmeceutics --- functional cosmetics --- HPLC-UV --- labelling --- retinoids --- tocopherol --- ubiquinone --- β carotene --- stability testing --- stability protocol --- accelerated ageing --- shelf life --- minimally disruptive formulas --- direct to consumer --- retail model --- sensory testing --- refractive index --- critical wavelength --- turbidity --- skin hydration --- creams --- safety --- cosmetics --- botanicals --- toxicology --- TTC --- solar elastosis --- collagen type I --- solar radiation --- non-melanoma skin cancers --- photoaging --- tattoos --- permanent makeup --- PMU --- colorants --- pigments --- cosmetic product safety --- non-animal-testing methodologies --- dermal absorption --- skin irritation --- skin sensitization --- genotoxicity --- endocrine disruptors --- active compounds --- assay --- cosmeceutics --- functional cosmetics --- HPLC-UV --- labelling --- retinoids --- tocopherol --- ubiquinone --- β carotene --- stability testing --- stability protocol --- accelerated ageing --- shelf life --- minimally disruptive formulas --- direct to consumer --- retail model --- sensory testing --- refractive index --- critical wavelength --- turbidity --- skin hydration --- creams

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Fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) materials are widely used in advanced structures and are often applied in order to replace traditional materials such as metal components, especially those used in corrosive environments. They have become essential materials for maintaining and strengthening existing infrastructure due to the fact that they combine low weight and density with high strength, corrosion resistance, and high durability, providing many benefits in performance and durability. Modified fiber-based composites exhibit better mechanical properties, impact resistance, wear resistance, and fire resistance. Therefore, the FRC materials have reached a significant level of applications ranging from aerospace, aviation, and automotive systems to industrial, civil engineering, military, biomedical, marine facilities, and renewable energy. In order to update the field of design and development of composites with the use of organic or inorganic fibers, a Special Issue entitled “Progress of Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Design and Applications” has been introduced. This reprint gathers and reviews the collection of twelve article contributions, with authors from Europe, Asia and America accepted for publication in the aforementioned Special Issue of Applied Sciences.

Technology: general issues --- fiber-cement-treated subgrade soil --- mechanical properties --- triaxial test --- brittleness index --- failure angle --- carbon fibers --- lignin --- melt spinning --- carbonization --- Raman --- micro-CT --- banana fiber --- impact response --- compression after impact --- natural fiber --- compression shear properties --- bonded–bolted hybrid --- C/C composites --- high temperature --- hybrid structures --- metallic/composite joints --- plasticity --- damage propagation --- FEM --- crashworthiness --- finite element analysis (FEA) --- composites --- progressive failure analysis (PFA) --- cyclic hygrothermal aging --- high strain rates --- braided composites --- compressive property --- basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) --- thickness --- durability --- hygrothermal ageing --- accelerated ageing method --- GFRP composite structures --- slip-critical connection --- stainless-steel cover plates --- surface treatment --- prevailing torque --- anchor --- shear behavior --- concrete edge breakout resistance --- ultimate flexural strength --- energy absorption capacity --- steel fiber --- multi-material design --- thermoplastic composites --- joining --- resistance spot welding --- metal inserts --- tubular composites --- finite element analysis --- computational fluid dynamics --- wireless communication --- signal attenuation --- n/a --- bonded-bolted hybrid

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Fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) materials are widely used in advanced structures and are often applied in order to replace traditional materials such as metal components, especially those used in corrosive environments. They have become essential materials for maintaining and strengthening existing infrastructure due to the fact that they combine low weight and density with high strength, corrosion resistance, and high durability, providing many benefits in performance and durability. Modified fiber-based composites exhibit better mechanical properties, impact resistance, wear resistance, and fire resistance. Therefore, the FRC materials have reached a significant level of applications ranging from aerospace, aviation, and automotive systems to industrial, civil engineering, military, biomedical, marine facilities, and renewable energy. In order to update the field of design and development of composites with the use of organic or inorganic fibers, a Special Issue entitled “Progress of Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Design and Applications” has been introduced. This reprint gathers and reviews the collection of twelve article contributions, with authors from Europe, Asia and America accepted for publication in the aforementioned Special Issue of Applied Sciences.

Technology: general issues --- fiber-cement-treated subgrade soil --- mechanical properties --- triaxial test --- brittleness index --- failure angle --- carbon fibers --- lignin --- melt spinning --- carbonization --- Raman --- micro-CT --- banana fiber --- impact response --- compression after impact --- natural fiber --- compression shear properties --- bonded-bolted hybrid --- C/C composites --- high temperature --- hybrid structures --- metallic/composite joints --- plasticity --- damage propagation --- FEM --- crashworthiness --- finite element analysis (FEA) --- composites --- progressive failure analysis (PFA) --- cyclic hygrothermal aging --- high strain rates --- braided composites --- compressive property --- basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) --- thickness --- durability --- hygrothermal ageing --- accelerated ageing method --- GFRP composite structures --- slip-critical connection --- stainless-steel cover plates --- surface treatment --- prevailing torque --- anchor --- shear behavior --- concrete edge breakout resistance --- ultimate flexural strength --- energy absorption capacity --- steel fiber --- multi-material design --- thermoplastic composites --- joining --- resistance spot welding --- metal inserts --- tubular composites --- finite element analysis --- computational fluid dynamics --- wireless communication --- signal attenuation --- fiber-cement-treated subgrade soil --- mechanical properties --- triaxial test --- brittleness index --- failure angle --- carbon fibers --- lignin --- melt spinning --- carbonization --- Raman --- micro-CT --- banana fiber --- impact response --- compression after impact --- natural fiber --- compression shear properties --- bonded-bolted hybrid --- C/C composites --- high temperature --- hybrid structures --- metallic/composite joints --- plasticity --- damage propagation --- FEM --- crashworthiness --- finite element analysis (FEA) --- composites --- progressive failure analysis (PFA) --- cyclic hygrothermal aging --- high strain rates --- braided composites --- compressive property --- basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) --- thickness --- durability --- hygrothermal ageing --- accelerated ageing method --- GFRP composite structures --- slip-critical connection --- stainless-steel cover plates --- surface treatment --- prevailing torque --- anchor --- shear behavior --- concrete edge breakout resistance --- ultimate flexural strength --- energy absorption capacity --- steel fiber --- multi-material design --- thermoplastic composites --- joining --- resistance spot welding --- metal inserts --- tubular composites --- finite element analysis --- computational fluid dynamics --- wireless communication --- signal attenuation