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This review is framed around the exploration of a central hypothesis: A shift in public investment toward secondary towns from big cities will improve poverty reduction performance. Of course the hypothesis raises many questions. What exactly is the dichotomy of secondary towns versus big cities? What is the evidence for the contribution of secondary towns versus cities to poverty reduction? What are the economic mechanisms for such a differential contribution and how does policy interact with them? The review finds preliminary evidence and arguments in support of the hypothesis, but the impacts of policy on poverty are quite complex even in simple settings, and the question of secondary towns and poverty reduction is an open area for research and policy analysis.

Mega Cities --- Poverty Reduction --- Rural-Urban Migration --- Secondary Towns --- Urbanization --- Zipf'S Law

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This paper examines whether a country's participation in global value chains supports spatial convergence in the domestic economy. In theory, production disintegration through "unbundling" makes industrial development less lumpy, providing opportunities for smaller cities to plug and play in niche spaces while not having to fight the agglomeration economies offered by large metropolitan areas. Using data on the size distribution of cities within countries and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's Trade in Value Added database, the paper finds that integration in global value chains is strongly associated with greater concentration in large urban agglomerations, not less. A unit standard deviation increase in domestic value added in exports of intermediate products is associated with a decline of 0.1 standard deviation in the Zipf coefficient, an index measuring spatial dispersion. Spatial concentration is strongest for global value chains involving knowledge-intensive business services and high-technology manufacturing.

City Size Distribution --- Global Value Chain --- Global Value Chains and Business Clustering --- Inequality --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- National Urban Development Policies and Strategies --- Offshoring --- Private Sector Development --- Spatial Economics --- Urban Development --- Urban Economic Development --- Urbanization --- Zipf's Law

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Zipf's law is one of the few quantitative reproducible regularities found in economics. It states that, for most countries, the size distributions of city sizes and of firms are power laws with a specific exponent: the number of cities and of firms with sizes greater than S is inversely proportional to S. Zipf's law also holds in many other scientific fields. Most explanations start with Gibrat's law of proportional growth (also known as "preferential attachment'' in the application to network growth) but need to incorporate additional constraints and ingredients introducing deviations from it. This book presents a general theoretical derivation of Zipf's law, providing a synthesis and extension of previous approaches. The general theory is presented in the language of firm dynamics for the sake of convenience but applies to many other systems. It takes into account (i) time-varying firm creation, (ii) firm's exit resulting from both a lack of sufficient capital and sudden external shocks, (iii) the coupling between firm's birth rate and the growth of the value of the population of firms. The robustness of Zipf's law is understood from the approximate validity of a general balance condition. A classification of the mechanisms responsible for deviations from Zipf's law is also offered.

Macroeconomics --- Quantitative methods (economics) --- Economic schools --- Operational research. Game theory --- Probability theory --- waarschijnlijkheidstheorie --- stochastische analyse --- economie --- macro-economie --- economisch denken --- kansrekening --- Cities and towns --- Economic geography --- Urban economics --- Zipf's law --- 305.8 --- 338.040 --- AA / International- internationaal --- Language and languages --- Geographic models --- Growth --- Mathematical models --- Econometrie van de investeringen, het gedrag van de onderneming --- Ondernemingen: algemeenheden --- Word frequency

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Studying and managing regional economic development in the current globalization era demands prompt, reliable, and comparable estimates for a region’s economic performance. Night-time lights (NTL) emitted from residential areas, entertainment places, industrial facilities, etc., and captured by satellites have become an increasingly recognized proxy for on-ground human activities. Compared to traditional indicators supplied by statistical offices, NTLs may have several advantages. First, NTL data are available all over the world, providing researchers and official bodies with the opportunity to obtain estimates even for regions with extremely poor reporting practices. Second, in contrast to non-standardized traditional reporting procedures, the unified NTL data remove the problem of inter-regional comparability. Finally, NTL data are currently globally available on a daily basis, which makes it possible to obtain these estimates promptly. In this book, we provide the reader with the contributions demonstrating the potential and efficiency of using NTL data as a proxy for the performance of regions.

population reorganization --- population density --- spatiotemporal patterns --- DMSP-OLS --- NPP-VIIRS --- Chongqing --- education inequality --- nighttime light --- urbanization --- sustainable development --- human development --- urban hotspot delineation --- Zipf’s law --- intra-urban scaling --- street nodes --- VIIRS imagery --- kernel density estimation --- Luojia 1-01 satellite --- spatial resolution --- searching radius threshold --- urban built-up area --- attention-augmented CNN --- nightlight --- fine-grained GDP estimation --- daytime satellite imagery --- arbitrary area representation --- Luojia 1-01 --- MNUACI --- urban area --- urban remote sensing --- VIIRS --- DMSP --- GDP --- nighttime lights --- cross-sectional --- time-series --- economic statistics --- n/a --- functional urban areas (FUAs) --- boundaries --- multiple regression modelling --- artificial light-at-night (ALAN) --- optimal threshold --- shadow economy --- Iran --- sanctions --- JCPOA --- economic inequality --- nighttime light emissions --- spatial measurement --- Zipf's law

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Complexity is a ubiquitous phenomenon in physiology that allows living systems to adapt to external perturbations. Fractal structures, self-organization, nonlinearity, interactions at different scales, and interconnections among systems through anatomical and functional networks, may originate complexity. Biomedical signals from physiological systems may carry information about the system complexity useful to identify physiological states, monitor health, and predict pathological events. Therefore, complexity analysis of biomedical signals is a rapidly evolving field aimed at extracting information on the physiological systems. This book consists of 16 contributions from authors with a strong scientific background in biomedical signals analysis. It includes reviews on the state-of-the-art of complexity studies in specific medical applications, new methods to improve complexity quantifiers, and novel complexity analyses in physiological or clinical scenarios. It presents a wide spectrum of methods investigating the entropic properties, multifractal structure, self-organized criticality, and information dynamics of biomedical signals touching upon three physiological areas: the cardiovascular system, the central nervous system, the heart-brain interactions. The book is aimed at experienced researchers in signal analysis and presents the latest trends in the complexity methods in physiology and medicine with the hope of inspiring future works advancing this fascinating area of research.

Research & information: general --- Mathematics & science --- autonomic nervous function --- heart rate variability (HRV) --- baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) --- photo-plethysmo-graphy (PPG) --- digital volume pulse (DVP) --- percussion entropy index (PEI) --- heart rate variability --- posture --- entropy --- complexity --- cognitive task --- sample entropy --- brain functional networks --- dynamic functional connectivity --- static functional connectivity --- K-means clustering algorithm --- fragmentation --- aging in human population --- factor analysis --- support vector machines classification --- Sampen --- cross-entropy --- autonomic nervous system --- heart rate --- blood pressure --- hypobaric hypoxia --- rehabilitation medicine --- labor --- fetal heart rate --- data compression --- complexity analysis --- nonlinear analysis --- preterm --- Alzheimer’s disease --- brain signals --- single-channel analysis --- biomarker --- refined composite multiscale entropy --- central autonomic network --- interconnectivity --- ECG --- ectopic beat --- baroreflex --- self-organized criticality --- vasovagal syncope --- Zipf’s law --- multifractality --- multiscale complexity --- detrended fluctuation analysis --- self-similarity --- sEMG --- approximate entropy --- fuzzy entropy --- fractal dimension --- recurrence quantification analysis --- correlation dimension --- largest Lyapunov exponent --- time series analysis --- relative consistency --- event-related de/synchronization --- motor imagery --- vector quantization --- information dynamics --- partial information decomposition --- conditional transfer entropy --- network physiology --- multivariate time series analysis --- State–space models --- vector autoregressive model --- penalized regression techniques --- linear prediction --- fNIRS --- brain dynamics --- mental arithmetics --- multiscale --- cardiovascular system --- brain --- information flow --- autonomic nervous function --- heart rate variability (HRV) --- baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) --- photo-plethysmo-graphy (PPG) --- digital volume pulse (DVP) --- percussion entropy index (PEI) --- heart rate variability --- posture --- entropy --- complexity --- cognitive task --- sample entropy --- brain functional networks --- dynamic functional connectivity --- static functional connectivity --- K-means clustering algorithm --- fragmentation --- aging in human population --- factor analysis --- support vector machines classification --- Sampen --- cross-entropy --- autonomic nervous system --- heart rate --- blood pressure --- hypobaric hypoxia --- rehabilitation medicine --- labor --- fetal heart rate --- data compression --- complexity analysis --- nonlinear analysis --- preterm --- Alzheimer’s disease --- brain signals --- single-channel analysis --- biomarker --- refined composite multiscale entropy --- central autonomic network --- interconnectivity --- ECG --- ectopic beat --- baroreflex --- self-organized criticality --- vasovagal syncope --- Zipf’s law --- multifractality --- multiscale complexity --- detrended fluctuation analysis --- self-similarity --- sEMG --- approximate entropy --- fuzzy entropy --- fractal dimension --- recurrence quantification analysis --- correlation dimension --- largest Lyapunov exponent --- time series analysis --- relative consistency --- event-related de/synchronization --- motor imagery --- vector quantization --- information dynamics --- partial information decomposition --- conditional transfer entropy --- network physiology --- multivariate time series analysis --- State–space models --- vector autoregressive model --- penalized regression techniques --- linear prediction --- fNIRS --- brain dynamics --- mental arithmetics --- multiscale --- cardiovascular system --- brain --- information flow