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horticulture. --- horticulture --- Farm establishment --- Farm establishment --- Models --- Models --- farms --- farms --- Young workers --- Young workers --- Zone horticole --- Var --- France --- France --- Zone horticole --- Var

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CAP. --- CAP --- farmers --- farmers --- Farm structure --- Farm structure --- Agricultural economics --- Agricultural economics --- Agrarian reform --- Agrarian reform --- Farm income --- Farm income --- Farm area --- Farm area --- Economic recovery --- Economic recovery --- Farm establishment --- Farm establishment --- Young workers --- Young workers --- France --- France

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farms --- farms --- Economic recovery --- Economic recovery --- economic environment --- economic environment --- Support measures --- Support measures --- Farm establishment --- Farm establishment --- Young workers --- Young workers --- farmers --- farmers --- Tenancy --- Tenancy --- Vocational training --- Vocational training --- Leases --- Leases --- Fiscal policies --- Fiscal policies --- Taxes --- Taxes --- legislation. --- legislation --- surveys --- surveys --- Wallonie --- Wallonie

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The authors estimate the economic losses related to the negative effect of smoking on wages in a context of a developing country. Using data from the 2005 Albania Living Standards Monitoring Survey, they jointly estimate a system of three equations: the smoking decision and two separate wage equations for smokers and nonsmokers. The results show that, after controlling for observed characteristics and taking into account unobserved heterogeneity in personal characteristics, smoking has a substantial negative impact on wages. On average smokers' wages are 20 percent lower than the wages of similar nonsmokers, providing strong evidence for the potential policy relevance of tobacco control initiatives for developing countries.

Addiction --- Aggressive --- Alcohol and Substance Abuse --- Alcohol Consumption --- Behavior --- Children --- Health Care --- Health Effects --- Health Monitoring and Evaluation --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Knowledge --- Observation --- Pollution --- Public Health --- Smokers --- Smoking --- Smoking Policies --- Strategy --- Stress --- Tobacco Use and Control --- Ventilation --- Weight --- Workers --- Young Workers

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High youth unemployment rates may be a signal of difficult labor market entry for youth or may reflect high churning. The European and United States literature finds the latter conclusion while the Latin American literature suggests the former. This paper uses panel data to examine whether Latin American youth follow OECD patterns or are, indeed, unique. By decomposing transition matrices into propensity to move and rate of separation matrices and estimating duration matrices, the authors find that Latin American youth do follow the OECD trends: their high unemployment reflects high churning while their duration of unemployment is similar to that of non-youth. The paper also finds that young adults (age 19-24) have higher churning rates than youth; most churning occurs between informal wage employment, unemployment, and out-of-the labor force, even for non-poor youth; and unemployment probabilities are similar for men and women when the analysis control for greater churning by young men. The findings suggest that the "first employment" programs that have become popular in the region are not addressing the key constraints to labor market entry for young people and that more attention should be given to job matching, information, and signaling to improve the efficiency of the churning period.

Adolescent Health --- Adolescents --- Apprenticeship --- Finding employment --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- High unemployment --- Job experience --- Jobs --- Labor force --- Labor market --- Labor Markets --- Labor Policies --- Population Policies --- Social Protections and Labor --- Teenagers --- Total unemployment --- Wage employment --- Young adults --- Young people --- Young women --- Young workers --- Youth --- Youth and Government --- Youth population --- Youth unemployment --- Youth unemployment rates --- Youth violence