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Les sédiments de lacs de cratère sont des archives paléoclimatiques, contenant des traceurs de l'altération des roches et sols voisins qui peuvent fournir des informations sur les variations des précipitations des derniers milliers d'années. Au Mexique central, les pluies sont influencées par divers phénomènes atmosphériques, pas encore complètement compris aujourd'hui, et qui vont pourtant être modifiés par les changements climatiques et avoir un effet météorologique important à divers endroits de la planète. Deux carottes courtes de sédiments de lacs de cratère du Mexique central ont été prélevées et analysées par différentes méthodes sédimentologiques, géochimiques et minéralogiques afin de trouver des traceurs d'altération: susceptibilité magnétique, SCOPIX, XRF Core Scanner, pertes au feu, rapport C/N, granulométrie laser, XRF discrète et DRX. Dans le Lac Los Espinos, différents traceurs semblent indiquer deux périodes marquées par une pluviosité plus élevée, entre 10 et 15 cm et entre 33 et 37 cm de profondeur, ainsi qu'une période de pluviosité plus faible, entre 15 et 30 cm. Des profondeurs précises de changement de pluviosité n'ont pas pu être identifiées dans les sédiments du Lac Tacámbaro mais les traceurs géochimiques pourraient montrer des successions rapides de pluviosité plus forte et plus faible jusqu'à 56 cm, où les variations diminuent. Ces hypothèses pourront être confirmées ou infirmées à l'aide de données météorologiques des stations voisines et des données de datation en cours de traitement, si leur résolution temporelle le permet. Les traceurs d'altération avérés pourraient alors être utilisés pour étudier les changements climatiques passés avec de plus longues carottes. Crater lake sediments are paleoclimatic archives, containing proxies of the weathering of nearby rocks and soils that can provide information about changes in precipitation during the last thousands of years.
In Central Mexico, rainfall is influenced by various atmospheric phenomena which are not yet fully understood, but which will be affected by climate change and have meteorological impacts on many locations around the globe.
Two short cores of sediments from Central Mexican crater lakes were collected and analysed by different sedimentological, geochemical and mineralogical methods, looking for weathering proxies: magnetic susceptibility, SCOPIX, XRF Core Scanner, loss on ignition, C/N ratio, laser granulometry, discrete XRF and DRX.
In Lake Los Espinos, geochemical proxies linked to the detritic elements appear to point to two periods, between 10 and 15 cm and between 33 and 37 cm, where precipitation was higher, and to another, between 15 and 30 cm, where it was lower.
Although it has not been possible to identify precise depths providing evidence of precipitation change in Lake Tacámbaro sediments, geochemical proxies may show rapid successions of higher and lower precipitation up to 56 cm, where the pace of variations declines. It will be possible to confirm or disprove these assumptions based both on the dating data currently being processed (their temporal resolution allowing) and on meteorological data from the neighbouring stations. Proven weathering proxies could then be used to study past climate changes on longer cores. Los sedimentos de los lagos cratéricos representan un archivo paleoclimático rico en trazadores de la meteorización de rocas y suelos locales que pueden dar información sobre las variaciones en las precipitaciones de los últimos miles de años. En el centro de México, las lluvias están influenciadas por diversos fenómenos atmosféricos, aún no completamente entendidos hoy, pero que sin embargo serán modificados por el cambio climático y tendrán un efecto meteorológico significativo en muchas zonas del planeta. Efectuamos nuestros análisis sobre dos núcleos de sedimentos extraídos de lagos cratéricos en el centro de México, utilizando diferentes métodos sedimentológicos, geoquímicos y mineralógicos para encontrar trazadores de meteorización: susceptibilidad magnética, SCOPIX, XRF Core Scanner, pérdidas por ignición, relación C/N, granulometría láser, XRF discreto y DRX. En el Lago Los Espinos, los trazadores geoquímicos vinculados a elementos detríticos parecen indicar dos períodos con mayor precipitación entre 10 y 15 cm y entre 33 y 37 cm y otro, con menor precipitación, entre 15 y 30 cm. No se pudieron identificar profundidades precisas de cambio de lluvia en los sedimentos del Lago Tacámbaro, aunque los trazadores geoquímicos muestran sucesiones rápidas de precipitaciones más altas y más bajas hasta 56 cm, donde las variaciones disminuyen. Estas hipótesis se podrán confirmar o invalidar con los datos de datación que se está procesando, si su resolución temporal lo permita, así como los datos meteorológicos de las estaciones vecinas. Los trazadores de meteorización comprobados podrían pues utilizarse para estudiar cambios climáticos pasados con núcleos más largos.

Paléoclimatologie --- Tacámbaro --- Los Espinos --- XRF Core Scanner --- SCOPIX --- DRX --- Granulométrie --- Précipitations --- Traceurs géochimiques --- Altération --- Paleoclimatology --- Precipitation --- XRD --- Granulometry --- Geochemical proxies --- Weathering --- Paleoclimatología --- Precipitación --- Granulometría --- Trazadores geoquímicos --- Meteorización --- Physique, chimie, mathématiques & sciences de la terre > Sciences de la terre & géographie physique

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The Special Issue of the journal Materials, entitled “Novel Material and Technological Solutions in Foundry Engineering”, contains very interesting papers from the field of material science concerning topics such as cast composites, layered castings, selected aspects of the crystallisation of alloys and the technology of cast and heat treatment of Al alloys and cast iron, the properties of moulding sands, properties of Ni-base superalloys, the technology of repairing castings using welding.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- nanocomposite --- nanoparticle --- microstructure --- mechanical --- Babbitt --- alumina --- high-chromium cast iron --- austenitizing conditions --- cooling conditions --- martensite transformation --- hardness --- cylinder heads --- heat treatment --- Brinell hardness --- automotive industry --- superalloy --- HRSTEM --- STEM-EDX --- M23C6 --- nano-borides --- Al-Si-Cu secondary aluminum alloy --- returnable material --- natural and artificial aging --- Cu precipitate --- transmission electron microscopy --- mechanical properties --- crystallization --- thermal and derivative analysis --- bimetallic --- interfacial --- compound casting --- laser surface alloying --- ductile cast iron --- in situ composite --- titanium carbide --- high-tin bronzes --- welding of bell --- bell’s sound --- aluminosilicate --- perlite --- vermiculite --- dehydroxylation --- thermal analysis --- FTIR --- XRD --- XRF --- SEM --- moulding sand --- inorganic binder --- magnetron sputtering --- HIPIMs method --- TiAlN layer --- XRD analysis --- EDS analysis --- surface morphology --- coating thickness --- AFM microscopy --- supergravity crystallization --- gravitational segregation --- texture --- hexagonal alloys --- monotectic transformation --- high-aluminum cast iron --- Al4C3 carbide --- spontaneous disintegration of the casting structure --- casting composite --- silicon carbide --- gray cast iron --- graphite --- pearlite --- reinforcement particles --- metallic matrix --- Inconel 740 --- phase transformation --- investment casting --- solidification

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The Special Issue of the journal Materials, entitled “Novel Material and Technological Solutions in Foundry Engineering”, contains very interesting papers from the field of material science concerning topics such as cast composites, layered castings, selected aspects of the crystallisation of alloys and the technology of cast and heat treatment of Al alloys and cast iron, the properties of moulding sands, properties of Ni-base superalloys, the technology of repairing castings using welding.

nanocomposite --- nanoparticle --- microstructure --- mechanical --- Babbitt --- alumina --- high-chromium cast iron --- austenitizing conditions --- cooling conditions --- martensite transformation --- hardness --- cylinder heads --- heat treatment --- Brinell hardness --- automotive industry --- superalloy --- HRSTEM --- STEM-EDX --- M23C6 --- nano-borides --- Al-Si-Cu secondary aluminum alloy --- returnable material --- natural and artificial aging --- Cu precipitate --- transmission electron microscopy --- mechanical properties --- crystallization --- thermal and derivative analysis --- bimetallic --- interfacial --- compound casting --- laser surface alloying --- ductile cast iron --- in situ composite --- titanium carbide --- high-tin bronzes --- welding of bell --- bell’s sound --- aluminosilicate --- perlite --- vermiculite --- dehydroxylation --- thermal analysis --- FTIR --- XRD --- XRF --- SEM --- moulding sand --- inorganic binder --- magnetron sputtering --- HIPIMs method --- TiAlN layer --- XRD analysis --- EDS analysis --- surface morphology --- coating thickness --- AFM microscopy --- supergravity crystallization --- gravitational segregation --- texture --- hexagonal alloys --- monotectic transformation --- high-aluminum cast iron --- Al4C3 carbide --- spontaneous disintegration of the casting structure --- casting composite --- silicon carbide --- gray cast iron --- graphite --- pearlite --- reinforcement particles --- metallic matrix --- Inconel 740 --- phase transformation --- investment casting --- solidification

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Catalysts are made of nanoparticles of metals, metal oxides, and other compounds that may act as active phases, support the latter, or a combination of both. The initial incentive to reduce as much as possible, up to the nano-scale, the size of the particles of active catalyst components is to maximize the surface area exposed to reactants, thus minimizing the specific cost per function and increasing the rate of conversion of feedstocks to products in relatively simple reactions. Nowadays, the interest in nanocatalyst developments has shifted to an emphasis on improving the selectivity of catalysts, allowing one to obtain desirable reactions in more complex synthetic processes. Thus, new generations of nanocatalysts should be designed at the molecular level to display well-defined structural characteristics, in terms of size, shapes, hierarchical porosity, and morphologies, as well as with controlled chemical composition. The development of efficient nanocatalysts supposes the characterization of their various surface active sites at the nanometer scale, which is focused on establishing synthesis–structure–performance relationships.

Research & information: general --- plasmonic photocatalyst --- metal nanoparticle --- N–TiO2 --- nanocomposites --- photocatalytic selective oxidation --- heterogeneous catalysis --- transition metal nitrides --- hydrogen production --- formic acid decomposition --- nickel catalyst --- calcium oxide promoter --- silica support --- Iron-based perovskites --- copper --- NO oxidation to NO2 --- NO2-assisted diesel soot oxidation --- soot oxidation under GDI exhaust conditions --- aqueous-phase reforming --- nickel --- ceria --- zirconia --- calcium --- yttrium --- methanol --- graphite --- reduced graphene oxide --- nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide --- exfoliation --- oxygen reduction reaction --- electrocatalysis --- UiO-66 --- iron --- cobalt --- nanocatalyst --- CO oxidation --- COProx --- methane --- oxidation catalysis --- formaldehyde --- magnetite iron oxide --- Fe3O4 --- palladium --- Pd --- silver --- Ag --- low-temperature activity --- nanocomposite --- Raman --- TG in air --- TG in hydrogen --- XRD --- electron microscopy --- EDS --- coordination polymers --- methane storage --- XRD crystallinity measurements --- mechanical shaping --- compaction --- VAM --- gas separation --- MOF pelletization --- catalysts --- dimerization --- isobutene --- olefins

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The building industry is influenced by many factors and trends reflecting the current situation and developments in social, economic, technical, and scientific fields. One of the most important trends seeks to minimize the energy demand. This can be achieved by promoting the construction of buildings with better thermal insulating capabilities of their envelopes and better efficiency in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. Any credible assessment of building energy performance includes the identification and simulation of heat and mass transfer phenomena in both the building envelope and the interior of the building. As the interaction between design elements, climate change, user behavior, heating effectiveness, ventilation, air conditioning systems, and lighting is not straightforward, the assessment procedure can present a complex and challenging task. The simulations should then involve all factors affecting the energy performance of the building in questions. However, the appropriate choice of physical model of heat and mass transfer for different building elements is not the only factor affecting the output of building energy simulations. The accuracy of the material parameters applied in the models as input data is another potential source of uncertainty. For instance, neglecting the dependence of hygric and thermal parameters on moisture content may affect the energy assessment in a significant way. Boundary conditions in the form of weather data sets represent yet another crucial factor determining the uncertainty of the outputs. In light of recent trends in climate change, this topic is vitally important. This Special Issue aims at providing recent developments in laboratory analyses, computational modeling, and in situ measurements related to the assessment of building energy performance based on the proper identification of heat and mass transfer processes in building structures.

CFD --- thermal performance --- Metamodeling --- carbon black --- energy balance --- XRD --- air terminal device --- Hygrothermal assessment --- thermal energy storage --- fibrous aerogel --- Probabilistic assessment --- natural ventilation --- thermal properties --- DSC --- advanced personalized ventilation --- temperature --- noise level --- geopolymers --- elevation --- plaster --- relative humidity --- air velocity --- ground-granulated blast-furnace slag --- heat treatment --- turbulence --- phase change temperature --- energy saving --- mechanical properties --- building envelope --- SEM --- Time series modelling --- self-heating --- mass flow rate prediction --- thermal conductivity --- Convolutional neural networks --- single-sided --- correlation function