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X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) is a powerful technique in characterization of structures and electronic states of materials in many research fields including, e.g., catalysts, semiconductors, optical ingredients, magnetic materials, and surfaces. This characterization technique could be applied in a static or a dynamic state (in-situ condition). The XAFS can provide information that is not accessible by other techniques for characterization of materials, particularly catalysts and related surfaces. Furthermore, XAFS can provide a molecular-level approach to the study of reaction mechan

X-ray absorption fine structure. --- Catalysts. --- Surfaces (Technology) --- Fine structure, X-ray absorption --- XAFS (X-ray absorption fine structure) --- Absorption spectra --- X-ray spectroscopy --- Materials --- Surface phenomena --- Friction --- Surfaces (Physics) --- Tribology --- Catalytic agents --- Catalysis --- Chemical inhibitors --- Surfaces --- Extended X-ray absorption fine structure. --- Surfaces (Technology).

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Since their discovery in 1895, the detection of X-rays has had a strong impact on and various applications in several fields of science and human life. Impressive efforts have been made to develop new types of detectors and new techniques, aiming to obtain higher precision both in terms of energy and position. Depending on the applications, solid state detectors, microcalorimeters, and various types of spectrometers currently serve as the best options for spectroscopic and imaging detectors. Recent advancements in micron and meV precision have opened the door for groundbreaking applications in fundamental physics, medical science, astrophysics, cultural heritage, and several other fields. The aim of this Special Issue is to compile an overview, from different communities and research fields, of the most recent developments in X-ray detection and their possible impacts in various sectors, such as in exotic atom measurements, quantum physics studies, XRF, XES, EXAFS, plasma emission spectroscopy, monochromators, synchrotron radiation, telescopes, and space engineering. All the papers included in this Special Issue contribute to emphasizing the importance of X-ray detection in a very broad range of physics topics; most of these topics are covered by the published works, and several others are mentioned in the paper references, providing an interesting and very useful synopsis, from a variety of different communities and research fields, of the most recent developments in X-ray detection and their impact in fundamental research and societal applications.

Compton camera --- and detectors --- X-ray detectors --- coherent imaging --- X-ray and ?-ray spectrometers --- magnetic multilayers --- X-ray diffraction --- X-ray spectroscopy --- XAS --- scintillation detector --- X-ray absorption --- XRF --- HAPG --- soft X-rays --- gratings --- von Hamos --- radiation detectors --- amylin --- synchrotron radiation --- high energy resolution fluorescence detection --- optical materials --- HOPG --- molybdenum --- Pyrolytic Graphite --- mosaic spread --- mirrors --- quantum foundations --- strong interaction --- Mössbauer spectroscopy --- multidisciplinarity --- Compton scattering --- Pauli exclusion principle --- free electron lasers --- X- and ?-ray instruments --- silicon photomultiplier --- kaonic atoms --- standing waves --- X- and ?-ray sources --- graphite crystals --- mosaicity --- X-ray source facilities --- rocking curve --- optical instruments and equipment --- photodetectors --- TM oxides --- X-ray reflectivity --- beamlines --- X-ray --- XAFS --- solid-state detectors --- underground experiment --- material investigation --- material science --- thin films --- X-ray Raman --- medical applications --- THz radiation --- X-ray absorption spectroscopy --- positron emission tomography

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The characterization of the physical and chemical properties of transition metals and their compounds under extreme conditions of pressure and temperature has always attracted the interest of a wide scientific community. Their properties have numerous implications in fields ranging from solid-state physics, chemistry, and materials science to Earth and planetary science. The present Special Issue represents a good example of such a broad interest and shows some of the latest advancements in the investigation of transition metals under extreme conditions of pressure and temperature.

vanadate --- kagome compound --- high pressure --- X-ray diffraction --- equation of state --- iodate --- infrared spectroscopy --- phase transitions --- grain refinement --- mechanical properties --- commercial purity aluminum --- zirconium --- Nb3Sn --- local atomic structure --- XAFS --- melting curves --- laser-heated diamond anvil cell --- extreme conditions --- synchrotron radiation --- transition metals --- iridium --- laser heating --- density-functional theory --- melting --- radial-distribution function --- quantum molecular dynamics --- melting curve --- solid–solid phase transition boundary --- multi-phase materials --- phase relation --- Earth’s core --- iron alloys --- high-pressure --- high-temperature --- thermodynamics --- eutectic spacing --- Al-Si alloy --- superheat --- electrical resistivity --- iron sulfides --- high temperature --- Ganymede --- thermal convection --- creep testing --- ME21 --- magnesium alloy --- size effects --- miniature specimen --- PbTe --- substitutional disorder --- thermal expansion --- bulk modulus --- atomic displacement --- low temperature --- compression --- Debye temperature --- n/a --- solid-solid phase transition boundary --- Earth's core

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Electrochemical surface science (EC-SS) is the natural advancement of traditional surface science (where gas–vacuum/solid interfaces are studied) to liquid (solution)/electrified solid interfaces. Such a merging between two different disciplines—i.e., surface science (SS) and electrochemistry—officially advanced ca. three decades ago. The main characteristic of EC-SS versus electrochemistry is the reductionist approach undertaken, inherited from SS and aiming to understand the microscopic processes occurring at electrodes on the atomic level. A few of the exemplary keystone tools of EC-SS include EC-scanning probe microscopies, operando and in situ spectroscopies and electron microscopies, and differential EC mass spectrometry (DEMS). EC-SS indirectly (and often unconsciously) receives a great boost from the requirement for rational design of energy conversion and storage devices for the next generation of energetic landscapes. As a matter of fact, the number of material science groups deeply involved in such a challenging field has tremendously expanded and, within such a panorama, EC and SS investigations are intimately combined in a huge number of papers. The aim of this Special Issue is to offer an open access forum where researchers in the field of electrochemistry, surface science, and materials science could outline the great advances that can be reached by exploiting EC-SS approaches. Papers addressing both the basic science and more applied issues in the field of EC-SS and energy conversion and storage materials have been published in this Special Issue.

Pd thin films --- n/a --- Auger-Electron Spectroscopy --- benchmarking --- potential-dependent structures --- CO electro-oxidation --- surface reconstruction --- photo-electrochemistry --- nitrogen doping --- potential stepping --- DFT --- nanoparticles --- carbon nanofiber --- Pd --- gas diffusion electrode --- flexible ITO --- UPS --- palladium --- Lead OPD --- formic acid oxidation --- cobalt oxide --- adsorbed OH --- electrochemistry --- Pt --- mesopore --- DMFC --- pH and concentration effects --- solvothermal method --- direct methanol fuel cells --- EF-PEEM --- PVDF --- self-assembly --- PEMFC --- hard X rays --- photochemistry --- EQCM --- potential cycling --- surface alloy --- near ambient pressure XPS --- cobalt-based electrocatalyst --- silver single crystals --- Cu(111) --- electrodeposited alloys --- Pt single-crystal electrodes --- SOFC --- TiO2 --- oxygen evolution reaction --- silicon nanoparticles --- pump &amp --- graphitization --- in situ EC-STM --- oxygen reduction --- gold --- diazonium salts --- Au --- micropore --- solid/liquid interface --- XPS --- XAFS --- surface chemistry --- electrosynthesis --- porous fiber --- surface science --- click chemistry --- adhesion --- in situ --- methanol oxidation reaction --- hydroxyl radical --- mass transport --- free electron laser --- cyclic voltammetry --- redox properties --- electro-oxidation --- X-ray absorption spectroscopy --- hydrogen adsorption --- electrodeposition --- electrocatalysis --- Ordered mesoporous carbon --- Corrosion Protection --- electrochemical interface --- cyclic voltammetry (CV) --- FEXRAV --- photoelectron simulations --- Pt–Ru catalysts --- d-band theory --- bimetallic alloy --- photoconversion --- ordered mesoporous carbons --- carbon nanofibers (CNFs) --- platinum --- water splitting --- Surface Modification --- EPR spectroscopy --- scanning photoelectron microscopy --- model catalyst --- energy dispersive --- porphyrins --- combined non-covalent control --- AES --- spin-coating --- SAMs --- water oxidation --- in-situ X-ray diffraction --- Au nanocrystals --- model systems --- platinum single crystals --- cathode --- redox monolayers --- surface nanostructures --- bifunctional oxygen electrode --- polymer --- photoelectrochemistry --- metal-electrolyte interface --- electrocatalysts --- APTES --- porogen --- electrophoretic deposition --- thin-films --- ammonia activation --- graphene --- ORR --- polypyrrole --- iridium --- surface area --- reduced graphene oxide --- Magnetite --- Platinum --- electrospinning --- catalysts --- Blackening of Steel --- switchable surfaces --- in situ ambient pressure XPS --- fuel cells --- methanol oxidation --- quick-XAS --- nickel --- CO oxidation --- solid oxide fuel cells --- operando --- probe --- CdS --- alkanthiols --- ECALE --- alkoxyamine surfaces --- underpotential deposition (upd) --- Pt-Ru catalysts