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This study explores the relationship between outmigration and gender roles in two villages in North Tapanuli, on the island of Sumatra in Indonesia. In a symbolic sense, land and women have always represented security to Toba Batak men as they travelled in search of a livelihood. The main purpose of this study is to throw light on the options open to the women staying behind and the adjustments they make, as well as their reasons for making them. The approach followed is an anthropological one. It combines an analysis of actor-oriented perceptions and strategies with an insight into the structural forces that formed the context of migration as it developed from the late nineteenth century through the colonial period until today.

Rural women --- Sex role --- Toba-Batak (Indonesian people) --- Women, Toba-Batak --- Migrations --- Economic conditions --- Social conditions --- Tapanuli Utara (Indonesia) --- Emigration and immigration. --- Social conditions.

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"Dorothy Fujita-Rony's 'The Memorykeepers: Gendered Knowledges, Empires, and Indonesian American History' examines the importance of women's memorykeeping for two Toba Batak women whose twentieth-century histories span Indonesia and the United States, H.L.Tobing and Minar T. Rony. This book addresses the meanings of family stories and artifacts within a gendered and interimperial context, and demonstrates how these knowledges can produce alternate cartographies of memory and belonging within the diaspora. It thus explores how women's memorykeeping forges integrative possibility, not only physically across islands, oceans, and continents, but also temporally, across decades, empires, and generations. Thirty-five years in the making, 'The Memorykeepers' is the first book on Indonesian Americans written within the fields of US history, American Studies, and Asian American Studies"--

Women, Toba-Batak --- Toba-Batak women --- Tobing, H. L., --- Rony, Minar T., --- Tobin family. --- Rony, Minar Tobing, --- Tobing, Minar, --- Tobing, Hermina, --- Simorangkir, Hermina, --- Sumatra (Indonesia) --- Andalas (Indonesia) --- Andalus (Indonesia) --- Pulau Sumatera (Indonesia) --- Sumatera (Indonesia) --- Greater Sunda Islands --- History --- Emigration and immigration