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Wind-pressure --- Buildings --- Aerodynamics --- 699.83 --- 624.042.41 --- -Structural dynamics --- -Wind-pressure --- -Wind loads --- Engineering meteorology --- Live loads --- Pressure --- Structural dynamics --- Building dynamics --- Dynamics, Structural --- Structural vibration --- Strains and stresses --- Structural analysis (Engineering) --- Edifices --- Halls --- Structures --- Architecture --- Protection against weathering, wind, storms. Weather-proof construction --- Civil and structural engineering in general. Substructures. Earthworks. Foundations. Tunnelling. Bridge-building. Superstructures--?.042.41 --- -Congresses --- Congresses --- -Protection against weathering, wind, storms. Weather-proof construction --- 624.042.41 Civil and structural engineering in general. Substructures. Earthworks. Foundations. Tunnelling. Bridge-building. Superstructures--?.042.41 --- 699.83 Protection against weathering, wind, storms. Weather-proof construction --- -699.83 Protection against weathering, wind, storms. Weather-proof construction --- Wind loads --- Aerodynamics&delete& --- Wind-pressure - Congresses --- Buildings - Aerodynamics - Congresses --- Built environment

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The process of global climate change has been associated with an increase in the frequency of climatic disasters. Yet, there is still little systematic evidence on the macroeconomic costs of these episodes. This paper uses panel time-series techniques to estimate the short and long-run impact of climatic and other disasters on a country's GDP. The results indicate that a climate related disaster reduces real GDP per capita by at least 0.6 percent. Therefore, the increased incidence of these disasters during recent decades entails important macroeconomic costs. Among climatic disasters, droughts have the largest average impact, with cumulative losses of 1 percent of GDP per capita. Across groups of countries, small states are more vulnerable than other countries to windstorms, but exhibit a similar response to other types of disasters; and low-income countries responds more strongly to climatic disasters, mainly because of their higher response to droughts. However, a country's level of external debt has no relation to the output impact of any type of disaster. The evidence also indicates that, historically, aid flows have done little to attenuate the output consequences of climatic disasters.

Accidents --- Climate change --- Conflict and Development --- Disaster --- Disaster community --- Disaster Management --- Disaster prevention --- Drought --- Droughts --- Earthquakes --- Environment --- Famines --- Floods --- Hurricane --- Hurricanes --- Natural catastrophes --- Natural Disaster --- Natural Disasters --- Reconstruction --- Tidal waves --- Volcano --- Wind storm --- Wind storms

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The process of global climate change has been associated with an increase in the frequency of climatic disasters. Yet, there is still little systematic evidence on the macroeconomic costs of these episodes. This paper uses panel time-series techniques to estimate the short and long-run impact of climatic and other disasters on a country's GDP. The results indicate that a climate related disaster reduces real GDP per capita by at least 0.6 percent. Therefore, the increased incidence of these disasters during recent decades entails important macroeconomic costs. Among climatic disasters, droughts have the largest average impact, with cumulative losses of 1 percent of GDP per capita. Across groups of countries, small states are more vulnerable than other countries to windstorms, but exhibit a similar response to other types of disasters; and low-income countries responds more strongly to climatic disasters, mainly because of their higher response to droughts. However, a country's level of external debt has no relation to the output impact of any type of disaster. The evidence also indicates that, historically, aid flows have done little to attenuate the output consequences of climatic disasters.

Accidents --- Climate change --- Conflict and Development --- Disaster --- Disaster community --- Disaster Management --- Disaster prevention --- Drought --- Droughts --- Earthquakes --- Environment --- Famines --- Floods --- Hurricane --- Hurricanes --- Natural catastrophes --- Natural Disaster --- Natural Disasters --- Reconstruction --- Tidal waves --- Volcano --- Wind storm --- Wind storms

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This paper provides a description of the macroeconomic aftermath of natural disasters. It traces the yearly response of gross domestic product growth - both aggregated and disaggregated into its agricultural and non-agricultural components - to four types of natural disasters - droughts, floods, earthquakes, and storms. The paper uses a methodological approach based on pooling the experiences of various countries over time. It consists of vector auto-regressions in the presence of endogenous variables and exogenous shocks (VARX), applied to a panel of cross-country and time-series data. The analysis finds heterogeneous effects on a variety of dimensions. First, the effects of natural disasters are stronger, for better or worse, on developing than on rich countries. Second, while the impact of some natural disasters can be beneficial when they are of moderate intensity, severe disasters never have positive effects. Third, not all natural disasters are alike in terms of the growth response they induce, and, perhaps surprisingly, some can entail benefits regarding economic growth. Thus, droughts have a negative effect on both agricultural and non-agricultural growth. In contrast, floods tend to have a positive effect on economic growth in both major sectors. Earthquakes have a negative effect on agricultural growth but a positive one on non-agricultural growth. Storms tend to have a negative effect on gross domestic product growth but the effect is short-lived and small. Future research should concentrate on exploring the mechanisms behind these heterogeneous impacts.

Avalanches --- Catastrophic events --- Conflict and Development --- Disaster --- Disaster events --- Disaster Management --- Disaster reduction --- Disaster risk --- Disaster risk reduction --- Droughts --- Earthquake --- Earthquakes --- Environment --- Famines --- Floods --- Hazard Risk Management --- Natural Disaster --- Natural Disasters --- Natural hazards --- Poverty Reduction --- Pro-Poor Growth --- Reconstruction --- Storms --- Tsunamis --- Urban Development --- Volcano --- Wind storms

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Microclimate for Cultural Heritage

Conservation. Restoration --- conservation [discipline] --- cultural heritage --- Microclimatology --- Art - Conservation and restoration --- Architecture - Conservation and restoration --- Architecture --- Art --- 551.5 --- 69.059.2 --- 699.82 --- 699.83 --- 72.025.4 --- 72.025.4 Monumentenzorg: reinigen; herstellen; restauratie; vernieuwing --- Monumentenzorg: reinigen; herstellen; restauratie; vernieuwing --- 699.83 Protection against weathering, wind, storms. Weather-proof construction --- Protection against weathering, wind, storms. Weather-proof construction --- 699.82 Protection against moisture. Damp-proof and waterproof construction --- Protection against moisture. Damp-proof and waterproof construction --- 69.059.2 Damage. Dilapidation. Repair --- Damage. Dilapidation. Repair --- 551.5 Meteorology --- Meteorology --- Climatology --- Ecology --- Buildings --- Buildings, Restoration of --- Conservation of buildings --- Restoration of buildings --- Conservation and restoration --- Restoration --- Repair and reconstruction --- Microclimatology. --- Conservation and restoration.