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This book examines the dark odyssey of official and private collective violence against the rural African population and Africans in general during the two generations before apartheid became the primary justification for the existence of the South African state. John Higginson discusses how Africans fought back against the entire spectrum of violence ranged against them, demonstrating just how contingent apartheid was on the struggle to hijack the future of the African majority.

Afrikaners --- Rural poor --- Poor whites --- Violence --- Political violence --- South African War, 1899-1902. --- Anglo-Boer War, 1899-1902 --- Boer War, 1899-1902 --- Transvaal War, 1899-1902 --- Political crimes and offenses --- Terrorism --- Violent behavior --- Social psychology --- White poor --- Poor --- Whites --- Rural poverty --- Africaanders --- Africanders --- Africaners --- Afrikaanders --- Afrikaaners --- Afrikaans-speaking South Africans --- Afrikanders --- Boers --- South Africans, Afrikaans-speaking --- Dutch --- Ethnology --- Economic conditions --- History --- South Africa --- Africa, South --- English-Afrikaner relations --- Race relations --- Rural conditions --- White poor people --- White people

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Analyzing land policy, labor, and legal history, Keri Leigh Merritt reveals what happens to excess workers when a capitalist system is predicated on slave labor. With the rising global demand for cotton - and thus, slaves - in the 1840s and 1850s, the need for white laborers in the American South was drastically reduced, creating a large underclass who were unemployed or underemployed. These poor whites could not compete - for jobs or living wages - with profitable slave labor. Though impoverished whites were never subjected to the daily violence and degrading humiliations of racial slavery, they did suffer tangible socio-economic consequences as a result of living in a slave society. Merritt examines how these 'masterless' men and women threatened the existing Southern hierarchy and ultimately helped push Southern slaveholders toward secession and civil war.

Poor whites --- Slavery --- Labor --- Abolition of slavery --- Antislavery --- Enslavement --- Mui tsai --- Ownership of slaves --- Servitude --- Slave keeping --- Slave system --- Slaveholding --- Thralldom --- Crimes against humanity --- Serfdom --- Slaveholders --- Slaves --- Labor and laboring classes --- Manpower --- Work --- Working class --- White poor --- Poor --- Whites --- Social conditions --- Economic conditions --- Social aspects --- History --- Economic aspects --- Southern States --- American South --- American Southeast --- Dixie (U.S. : Region) --- Former Confederate States --- South, The --- Southeast (U.S.) --- Southeast United States --- Southeastern States --- Southern United States --- United States, Southern --- Race relations --- Land tenure --- Social conflict --- Class conflict --- Class struggle --- Conflict, Social --- Social tensions --- Interpersonal conflict --- Social psychology --- Sociology --- Agrarian tenure --- Feudal tenure --- Freehold --- Land ownership --- Land question --- Landownership --- Tenure of land --- Land use, Rural --- Real property --- Land, Nationalization of --- Landowners --- White poor people --- White people --- Enslaved persons