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Infrastructure made a net contribution of around 1 percentage point to Angola's improved per capita growth performance in recent years, despite unreliable power supplies and poor roads, which each holding back growth by 0.2 percentage points. Raising the country's infrastructure endowment to that of the region's middle-income countries (MICs) could boost Angola's annual growth by about 2.9 percentage points. As a resource-rich, postconflict country, Angola has shown an exceptionally strong commitment to financing the reconstruction and expansion of its infrastructure. It has recently expanded its generation capacity, embarked on an ambitious multibillion-dollar road rehabilitation program, begun to make investments aimed at easing congestion at the Port of Luanda, and embarked upon an ambitious rehabilitation program for urban water systems. Numerous challenges remain, however. Angola needs to upgrade its electricity transmission and distribution infrastructure, expand its urban water-supply system, improve efficiency at the Port of Luanda, and make policy and regulatory adjustments across the board. Angola presently spends around USD 4.3 billion per year on infrastructure, with USD 1.3 billion lost to inefficiencies. After taking sectoral allocations and inefficiencies into account, a modest funding gap of USD 115 million per year remains, which could be largely eliminated by focusing on lower-cost water and sanitation options. Angola's infrastructure needs are manageable relative to its fast-growing economy, as long as the country can address inefficiencies.

Distribution infrastructure --- Economic Theory & Research --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Infrastructure Economics --- Infrastructure Economics and Finance --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Middle-income countries --- Per capita growth performance --- Road rehabilitation program --- Town Water Supply and Sanitation --- Transport Economics Policy & Planning --- Water-supply system

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This paper reviews various applications of cooperative game theory (CGT) to issues of water resources. With an increase in the competition over various water resources, the incidents of disputes have been in the center of allocation agreements. The paper reviews the cases of various water uses, such as multi-objective water projects, irrigation, groundwater, hydropower, urban water supply, wastewater, and transboundary water disputes. In addition to providing examples of cooperative solutions to allocation problems, the conclusion from this review suggests that cooperation over scarce water resources is possible under a variety of physical conditions and institutional arrangements. In particular, the various approaches for cost sharing and for allocation of physical water infrastructure and flow can serve as a basis for stable and efficient agreement, such that long-term investments in water projects are profitable and sustainable. The latter point is especially important, given recent developments in water policy in various countries and regional institutions such as the European Union (Water Framework Directive), calling for full cost recovery of investments and operation and maintenance in water projects. The CGT approaches discussed and demonstrated in this paper can provide a solid basis for finding possible and stable cost-sharing arrangements.

Cost Recovery --- Cost Sharing --- Economic Theory and Research --- Environment --- Environmental Economics and Policies --- Industry --- Law and Development --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Marginal Cost --- Municipalities --- Public Works --- Sanitation and Sewerage --- Town Water Supply and Sanitation --- Urban Water --- Urban Water Supply --- Wastewater Treatment --- Water --- Water and Industry --- Water Conservation --- Water Consumption --- Water Infrastructure --- Water Law --- Water Policy --- Water Projects --- Water Resource --- Water Resources --- Water Rights --- Water Sector --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions --- Water Supply and Systems --- Water Supply Facilities --- Water Supply System --- Water Supply Systems

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June 2000 - Private sector participation in Guinea's urban water sector has benefited consumers, the government, and, to a lesser extent, the new foreign owners. Performance will improve further when the government starts paying its own water bill on time and when the legislature authorizes the collection of unpaid bills from private consumers. In 1989 the government of Guinea enacted far-reaching reform of its water sector, which had been dominated by a poorly run public agency. The government signed a lease contract for operations and maintenance with a private operator, making a separate public enterprise responsible for ownership of assets and investment. Although based on a successful model that had operated in Cote d'Ivoire for nearly 30 years, the reform had many highly innovative features. It is being transplanted to several other developing countries, so Clarke, Menard, and Zuluaga evaluate its successes and failures in the early years of reform. They present standard performance measures and results from a cost-benefit analysis to assess reform's net effect on various stakeholders in the sector. They conclude that, compared with what might have been expected under continued public ownership, reform benefited consumers, the government, and, to a lesser extent, the foreign owners or the private operator. Most sector performance indicators improved, but some problems remain. The three most troublesome areas are water that is unaccounted for (there are many illegal connections and the quality of infrastructure is poor), poor collection rates, and high prices. The weak institutional environment makes it difficult to improve collection rates, but the government could take some steps to correct the problem. To begin with, it could pay its own bills on time. Also, the legislature could authorize the collection of unpaid bills from private individuals. This paper - a joint product of Public Economics and Regulation and Competition Policy, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to promote competition and private sector development. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project Institutions, Politics, and Contracts: Private Sector Participation in Urban Water Supply (RPO 681-87). The authors may be contacted at gclarke@worldbank.org or menard@univ-paris1.fr.

Banks and Banking Reform --- Debt Markets --- Drinking Water --- Economic Theory and Research --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Literacy --- Households --- Industry --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Marginal Cost --- Number Of People With Access --- Pipeline --- Private Operator --- Private Participation --- Public Water --- Raw Water --- Sewerage System --- Systems --- Town Water Supply and Sanitation --- Urban Water --- Urban Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water and Industry --- Water Conservation --- Water Distribution --- Water Resources --- Water Sector --- Water Supply --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions --- Water Supply System --- Water System --- Water Tariffs --- Water Use --- Water Utilities --- Wells

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In nature, urban groundwater results in multiple processes, including climatic, geological, geomorphological, geochemical, ecotoxicological, and hydraulic processes, in addition to sanitation, all of which sustain varied ecological services. Urban development profoundly impacts hydrological systems, particularly in the invisible component of the water cycle, the groundwater. That impact was perceived a considerable while in the past, and the initial focus was drawn to societal roles in the development of urbanisation and the consequent contamination and pollution of hydrosystems. Additional issues in sustainable water resource management and hydrological cycle comprehension are added by urbanisation. The Special Issue highlights the presentation and discussion of model urban studies and reflections that describe the current state-of-the-art methods on challenges and emerging fields related to the mapping, characterisation, assessment, mitigation, and protection of sustainable groundwater systems in peri-urban and urban areas. In the current year, 2022, World Water Day was dedicated to groundwater, and the process of making the invisible visible. This Special Issue offers a set of papers that promote reflections, methodologies, and learned studies on the importance of fresh water in urban areas.

Research & information: general --- Environmental economics --- water resources carrying capacity --- load-balance --- system dynamics model --- water resources allocation --- Jilin province --- wildfire --- peri-urban area --- groundwater quality --- polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons --- major ions --- metals --- urban groundwater --- hydrogeochemistry --- hydrodynamics --- IPI-Urban --- NW Portugal --- emergency groundwater source --- numerical model --- drawdown --- in situ hydrogeological tests --- salinity --- ions --- semi-arid region --- Mewat --- Haryana --- environmental isotope --- δ2H --- municipal solid waste --- leachate contamination --- natural tracers --- coal mine wastewater quality --- irrigation --- heavy metals --- water quality index --- environmental impact --- groundwater sustainable management --- groundwater abstraction --- seawater intrusion --- numerical modelling --- coastal aquifer --- urban water-supply --- groundwater --- private self-supply --- management issues --- water supply system --- volcanism --- eruptive scenarios --- vulnerability --- Azores --- wellhead protection area --- numerical modeling --- analytical methods --- n/a --- Research. --- Environmental economics.

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New challenges in water systems toward safety, efficiency, reliability, and system flexibility will be fundamental in the near future. In this book, readers can find different approaches that include safety analysis, system efficiency improvements, and new innovative designs. The risk function is a measure of its vulnerability level and security loss. Analyses of transient flows associated with the most dangerous operating conditions, are compulsory to grant system liability in terms of water quantity, quality, and system management. Specific equipment, such as air valves, is used in pressurized water pipes to manage the air inside, associated with the emptying and filling process. Advanced tools are developed toward near-future smart water grids. The water system efficiency and water–energy nexus, through the implementation of suitable pressure control and energy recovery devices, as well as pumped-storage hydropower, provide guidelines toward the most technical and environmental cost-effective solutions. Integrated analysis of water and energy allows more reliable, flexible, and sustainable eco-design projects, reaching better resilience systems. Hydraulic simulators and computational fluid dynamics (CFD), conjugating with field or experimental tests, supported by advanced smart equipment, allow a better design, control, and complex event anticipation occurrence to attain high levels of water system security and efficiency.

trunk network --- water distribution network --- resilience --- optimization --- energy recovery --- pumps as turbines --- water distribution networks --- EPANET --- safe water --- air valve --- CFD --- hydraulic characterization --- entrapped air --- safety of water supply consumers --- risk --- water supply system --- failure risk analysis --- decision making model --- risk assessment methodology --- experiments --- ultrasonic Doppler velocimetry (UDV) --- flowmeters --- computational fluid dynamics (CFD) --- pipe system efficiency --- pressure reducing valves --- leakage reduction --- water-energy nexus --- air–water interface --- filling --- flow --- pipelines --- transient --- water management --- reservoirs --- hydropower plants --- pumped storage power plants --- hydropeaking --- environmental flows --- smart water management --- smart water grids --- water drinking network --- water losses --- energy production --- pumped-storage --- micro-hydropower --- water networks --- dimensional analysis --- pumping system --- safety and control --- hydraulic transients and CFD analyses --- water systems efficiency --- new design solutions and eco-design