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Standpipes that dispense water from utilities are the most common alternatives to piped water connections for poor customers in the cities of Sub-Saharan Africa. Fifty-five percent of the unconnected urban population relies on standpipes as their first water source. Other informal water providers include household resellers and a variety of water tankers and vendors, which are the first water source of 1 percent and 3 percent of the urban population, respectively. In the cities studied, the percentage of unconnected households ranges from 12 percent to 86 percent of the population. The percentage of unconnected people covered by standpipes is substantially higher for countries with higher rates of household connection, while the percentage of unconnected people covered by water tankers or water vendors is higher for countries with lower rates of household connection. Water prices in the informal market are much higher than for households with private connections or yard taps. Although standpipes are heavily subsidized by utilities, the prices charged by standpipe operators are closely related to the informal water reseller price. Standpipe management models also affect the informal price of water. For example, the shift from utilities management to delegated management models without complementary regulation or consumer information has often led to declines in service levels and increased prices. Standpipes are not the only or even the most efficient solution in peri-urban areas. Programs that promote private household connections and arrangements that improve pricing and services in the household resale market should also be considered by policy makers.

Household connection --- Household connections --- Households --- Population growth --- Price of water --- Provision of water --- Public water --- Sanitation services --- Service delivery --- Town Water Supply and Sanitation --- Urban areas --- Urban growth --- Urban water --- Urban Water Supply and Sanitation --- Utilities --- Water and Industry --- Water Conservation --- Water market --- Water Resources --- Water sector --- Water source --- Water sources --- Water supply --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions --- Water supply chain --- Water tankers

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Standpipes that dispense water from utilities are the most common alternatives to piped water connections for poor customers in the cities of Sub-Saharan Africa. Fifty-five percent of the unconnected urban population relies on standpipes as their first water source. Other informal water providers include household resellers and a variety of water tankers and vendors, which are the first water source of 1 percent and 3 percent of the urban population, respectively. In the cities studied, the percentage of unconnected households ranges from 12 percent to 86 percent of the population. The percentage of unconnected people covered by standpipes is substantially higher for countries with higher rates of household connection, while the percentage of unconnected people covered by water tankers or water vendors is higher for countries with lower rates of household connection. Water prices in the informal market are much higher than for households with private connections or yard taps. Although standpipes are heavily subsidized by utilities, the prices charged by standpipe operators are closely related to the informal water reseller price. Standpipe management models also affect the informal price of water. For example, the shift from utilities management to delegated management models without complementary regulation or consumer information has often led to declines in service levels and increased prices. Standpipes are not the only or even the most efficient solution in peri-urban areas. Programs that promote private household connections and arrangements that improve pricing and services in the household resale market should also be considered by policy makers.

Household connection --- Household connections --- Households --- Population growth --- Price of water --- Provision of water --- Public water --- Sanitation services --- Service delivery --- Town Water Supply and Sanitation --- Urban areas --- Urban growth --- Urban water --- Urban Water Supply and Sanitation --- Utilities --- Water and Industry --- Water Conservation --- Water market --- Water Resources --- Water sector --- Water source --- Water sources --- Water supply --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions --- Water supply chain --- Water tankers

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Today, the food and water that we encounter in any part of the world could contain antibiotic residues and/or antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This book presents research evidence for this and also a potential way to mitigate the problem. Although not presented in this book, it is likely that this situation exists for all other types of antimicrobial agents as well, including antivirals, antifungals, and antiprotozoal agents. The presence of antibiotic residues and/or antibiotic-resistant bacteria contributes to the generation and propagation of resistance in disease-causing pathogens in humans and animals. Therefore, the medicines that we use to treat and/or prevent infections will not work as expected in many cases. It is estimated that if we do not contain antimicrobial resistance urgently, by 2050, up to 10 million people will die due to bacterial infectious diseases, such as pneumonia, skin infections, urinary tract infections, etc., which were once easily treatable. However, this book presents a system that can eliminate resistant bacteria and antibiotics from the environment, with the potential to work on other environmental microbes and antimicrobials. This book opens pathways for academics and scientists to do further research on antimicrobials and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in various environmental areas and also presents evidence for policymakers to take further action and make the general public aware of the current situation in this context.

Research & information: general --- antibiotic resistance --- community --- environment --- India --- coliforms --- commensal --- antibiotic resistance genes --- blaCTX-M --- blaTEM --- qepA --- hospital wastewater --- core-shell --- disinfection --- Escherichia coli --- nanoparticles --- pathogens --- silver --- solar-photocatalysis --- Staphylococcus aureus --- water --- zinc oxide --- S. aureus --- beaches --- multiple-antibiotic resistance --- ramA --- efflux pump --- multilocus sequence typing --- surface water --- antibiotics --- pakchoi --- endophytic bacteria --- antibiotic-resistant genes --- hydroponic cultivation --- Campylobacter --- poultry --- antibiotic susceptibility --- Rep-PCR --- cdt toxin --- Acinetobacter --- JDS3 --- river --- carbapenemases --- antimicrobial resistance --- genotypes --- non-typhoidal Salmonella --- genes --- integrons --- subtyping --- ESBL --- MRSA --- VRE --- sewage sludge --- PER-1 --- pathogenic E. coli --- harvested rainwater --- public health --- Sub-Saharan Africa --- alternative water source --- farmer --- veterinary antibiotics use --- knowledge --- behavior probability model --- China --- antibiotics residue --- food animals --- bacteria --- Nigeria --- E. coli --- antibiotic-resistance gene --- MARI --- MARP --- multidrug resistance --- flooring design --- Turkey --- antibacterial resistance --- enrofloxacin --- commensal E. coli --- ESBL-producing E. coli --- β-lactamase genes --- insertion sequences --- antibiotic residues --- aquatic environment --- ciprofloxacin --- Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles --- photocatalysis --- sunlight --- ceragenin --- multidrug-resistant bacteria --- biofilm --- antimicrobial peptides --- colistin --- n/a

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Today, the food and water that we encounter in any part of the world could contain antibiotic residues and/or antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This book presents research evidence for this and also a potential way to mitigate the problem. Although not presented in this book, it is likely that this situation exists for all other types of antimicrobial agents as well, including antivirals, antifungals, and antiprotozoal agents. The presence of antibiotic residues and/or antibiotic-resistant bacteria contributes to the generation and propagation of resistance in disease-causing pathogens in humans and animals. Therefore, the medicines that we use to treat and/or prevent infections will not work as expected in many cases. It is estimated that if we do not contain antimicrobial resistance urgently, by 2050, up to 10 million people will die due to bacterial infectious diseases, such as pneumonia, skin infections, urinary tract infections, etc., which were once easily treatable. However, this book presents a system that can eliminate resistant bacteria and antibiotics from the environment, with the potential to work on other environmental microbes and antimicrobials. This book opens pathways for academics and scientists to do further research on antimicrobials and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in various environmental areas and also presents evidence for policymakers to take further action and make the general public aware of the current situation in this context.

Research & information: general --- antibiotic resistance --- community --- environment --- India --- coliforms --- commensal --- antibiotic resistance genes --- blaCTX-M --- blaTEM --- qepA --- hospital wastewater --- core-shell --- disinfection --- Escherichia coli --- nanoparticles --- pathogens --- silver --- solar-photocatalysis --- Staphylococcus aureus --- water --- zinc oxide --- S. aureus --- beaches --- multiple-antibiotic resistance --- ramA --- efflux pump --- multilocus sequence typing --- surface water --- antibiotics --- pakchoi --- endophytic bacteria --- antibiotic-resistant genes --- hydroponic cultivation --- Campylobacter --- poultry --- antibiotic susceptibility --- Rep-PCR --- cdt toxin --- Acinetobacter --- JDS3 --- river --- carbapenemases --- antimicrobial resistance --- genotypes --- non-typhoidal Salmonella --- genes --- integrons --- subtyping --- ESBL --- MRSA --- VRE --- sewage sludge --- PER-1 --- pathogenic E. coli --- harvested rainwater --- public health --- Sub-Saharan Africa --- alternative water source --- farmer --- veterinary antibiotics use --- knowledge --- behavior probability model --- China --- antibiotics residue --- food animals --- bacteria --- Nigeria --- E. coli --- antibiotic-resistance gene --- MARI --- MARP --- multidrug resistance --- flooring design --- Turkey --- antibacterial resistance --- enrofloxacin --- commensal E. coli --- ESBL-producing E. coli --- β-lactamase genes --- insertion sequences --- antibiotic residues --- aquatic environment --- ciprofloxacin --- Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles --- photocatalysis --- sunlight --- ceragenin --- multidrug-resistant bacteria --- biofilm --- antimicrobial peptides --- colistin --- antibiotic resistance --- community --- environment --- India --- coliforms --- commensal --- antibiotic resistance genes --- blaCTX-M --- blaTEM --- qepA --- hospital wastewater --- core-shell --- disinfection --- Escherichia coli --- nanoparticles --- pathogens --- silver --- solar-photocatalysis --- Staphylococcus aureus --- water --- zinc oxide --- S. aureus --- beaches --- multiple-antibiotic resistance --- ramA --- efflux pump --- multilocus sequence typing --- surface water --- antibiotics --- pakchoi --- endophytic bacteria --- antibiotic-resistant genes --- hydroponic cultivation --- Campylobacter --- poultry --- antibiotic susceptibility --- Rep-PCR --- cdt toxin --- Acinetobacter --- JDS3 --- river --- carbapenemases --- antimicrobial resistance --- genotypes --- non-typhoidal Salmonella --- genes --- integrons --- subtyping --- ESBL --- MRSA --- VRE --- sewage sludge --- PER-1 --- pathogenic E. coli --- harvested rainwater --- public health --- Sub-Saharan Africa --- alternative water source --- farmer --- veterinary antibiotics use --- knowledge --- behavior probability model --- China --- antibiotics residue --- food animals --- bacteria --- Nigeria --- E. coli --- antibiotic-resistance gene --- MARI --- MARP --- multidrug resistance --- flooring design --- Turkey --- antibacterial resistance --- enrofloxacin --- commensal E. coli --- ESBL-producing E. coli --- β-lactamase genes --- insertion sequences --- antibiotic residues --- aquatic environment --- ciprofloxacin --- Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles --- photocatalysis --- sunlight --- ceragenin --- multidrug-resistant bacteria --- biofilm --- antimicrobial peptides --- colistin

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This book is a compilation of original research articles that apply a variety of techniques to identify and evaluate water resource management policies. These papers cover a wide range of topics and methodologies applied across the world, from a local to a continental scope. They illustrate open challenges in water resource management, such as the quantitative assessment of policy impacts, trade-off analyses, understanding the water–energy–food–environment nexus, collaborative model development, stakeholder engagement, formalizing social interactions, or improving the theoretical understanding of complex adaptive systems. Therefore, this book is a representation of research areas that have emerged from the origins of water resource systems analysis, seeking to improve the way in which water policy is formulated and implemented.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- climate change --- water resources --- water availability --- uncertainty --- WAAPA model --- Western Europe --- water quality --- background pollutants --- export coefficient model --- chemical oxygen demand --- ammonia nitrogen --- water resource accessibility --- spatial pattern --- coupling coordination degree --- water resource management --- Southwest China --- pump efficiency --- water distribution systems --- water supply systems --- optimization --- design policies --- design --- BMPs --- Revised GWLF --- NSGAII --- hydrological dam safety --- initial reservoir level --- maximum conservation level --- water conservation volume --- flood control volume --- yield reliability --- regular operation --- stochastic methodology --- water management --- resources --- system dynamics --- drought management --- drought impacts --- urban public services --- inter-administrative cooperation --- border studies --- internal borders --- river municipalities --- freshwater health --- river chief system --- ecological integrity --- social services --- water governance --- national standard --- risk assessment --- water-saving --- set pair analysis --- China --- fluvial ecosystems --- hydropeaking --- InSTHAn tool --- short-term flow regimes --- subdaily flows --- sustainable river management --- droughts --- hydrological risk --- agri-food sector --- event study --- financial markets --- BOVESPA --- stormwater --- industrial facilities --- run off --- self-reported data --- multifunctional water source area --- ecotourism, people with different stakeholders --- balanced decision-making --- sponge city --- fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method --- water resource carrying capacity --- gray correlation analysis --- multiple linear regression models --- water environment capacity --- reservoir performance --- water resources systems --- participatory modeling --- river basin planning --- watershed management --- water scarcity --- water conflicts --- Robust Decision Support --- WEAP --- Integrated Water Resources Management --- Bolivia --- climate change --- water resources --- water availability --- uncertainty --- WAAPA model --- Western Europe --- water quality --- background pollutants --- export coefficient model --- chemical oxygen demand --- ammonia nitrogen --- water resource accessibility --- spatial pattern --- coupling coordination degree --- water resource management --- Southwest China --- pump efficiency --- water distribution systems --- water supply systems --- optimization --- design policies --- design --- BMPs --- Revised GWLF --- NSGAII --- hydrological dam safety --- initial reservoir level --- maximum conservation level --- water conservation volume --- flood control volume --- yield reliability --- regular operation --- stochastic methodology --- water management --- resources --- system dynamics --- drought management --- drought impacts --- urban public services --- inter-administrative cooperation --- border studies --- internal borders --- river municipalities --- freshwater health --- river chief system --- ecological integrity --- social services --- water governance --- national standard --- risk assessment --- water-saving --- set pair analysis --- China --- fluvial ecosystems --- hydropeaking --- InSTHAn tool --- short-term flow regimes --- subdaily flows --- sustainable river management --- droughts --- hydrological risk --- agri-food sector --- event study --- financial markets --- BOVESPA --- stormwater --- industrial facilities --- run off --- self-reported data --- multifunctional water source area --- ecotourism, people with different stakeholders --- balanced decision-making --- sponge city --- fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method --- water resource carrying capacity --- gray correlation analysis --- multiple linear regression models --- water environment capacity --- reservoir performance --- water resources systems --- participatory modeling --- river basin planning --- watershed management --- water scarcity --- water conflicts --- Robust Decision Support --- WEAP --- Integrated Water Resources Management --- Bolivia