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In 2017 four rivers in Aotearoa New Zealand, India, and Colombia were given the status of legal persons, and there was a recent attempt to extend these rights to the Colorado River in the USA. Understanding the implications of creating legal rights for rivers is an urgent challenge for both water resource management and environmental law. Giving rivers legal rights means the law can see rivers as legal persons, thus creating new legal rights which can then be enforced. When rivers are legally people, does that encourage collaboration and partnership between humans and rivers, or establish rivers as another competitor for scarce resources?To assess what it means to give rivers legal rights and legal personality, this book examines the form and function of environmental water managers (EWMs). These organisations have legal personality, and have been active in water resource management for over two decades. EWMs operate by acquiring water rights from irrigators in rivers where there is insufficient water to maintain ecological health. EWMs can compete with farmers for access to water, but they can also strengthen collaboration between traditionally divergent users of the aquatic environment, such as environmentalists, recreational fishers, hunters, farmers, and hydropower. This book explores how EWMs use the opportunities created by giving nature legal rights, such as the ability to participate in markets, enter contracts, hold property, and enforce those rights in court. However, examination of the EWMs unearths a crucial and unexpected paradox: giving legal rights to nature may increase its legal power, but in doing so it can weaken community support for protecting the environment in the first place. The book develops a new conceptual framework to identify the multiple constructions of the environment in law, and how these constructions can interact to generate these unexpected outcomes. It explores EWMs in the USA and Australia as examples, and assesses the implications of creating legal rights for rivers for water governance. Lessons from the EWMs, as well as early lessons from the new ‘river persons,’ show how to use the law to improve river protection and how to begin to mitigate the problems of the paradox.

Rivers --- Water resources development --- Locus standi --- Law and legislation --- Standing in court --- Parties to actions --- Procedure (Law) --- Rivers - Law and legislation --- Water resources development - Law and legislation

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Water resources development --- Water-supply --- International rivers --- Law and legislation --- Management --- Management. --- Water resources development - Law and legislation - European Union countries --- Water-supply - European Union countries - Management --- Water-supply - Law and legislation - European Union countries --- International rivers - European Union countries

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International rivers. --- Water-supply --- Treaties. --- Cours d'eau internationaux --- Eau --- Traités --- International cooperation. --- Approvisionnement --- Coopération internationale --- WATER RIGHTS (INTERNATIONAL LAW) --- WATER--LAW AND LEGISLATION --- WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT--LAW AND LEGISLATION --- INTERNATIONAL RIVERS

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L’eau est omniprésente sur notre planète : 70% de la surface de la terre est constituée par les océans. Cependant, l’eau douce rendue disponible aux besoins humains ne compte que pour 0,25% du total des réserves mondiales en eau. On comprend dès lors les interrogations actuelles liées à la diminution de la disponibilité de l’eau douce dans le monde. Ce constat, dû à une convergence de plusieurs facteurs tels que l’accroissement démographique, la salinisation progressive des eaux, le déversement de polluants divers ou les aléas climatiques rendent les enjeux de sa conservation et de son utilisation durable d’autant plus vifs. Dans ce contexte, une approche juridique est nécessaire pour concilier les différents usages de l'eau, assurer sa préservation et son utilisation durable. Le droit international trouve son fondement dans la nécessité d'une approche globale du cycle naturel de l’eau, mais ne rencontre pas moins de difficultés à concrétiser une approche intégrée des différents usages de l'eau. La prise en considération simultanée de l’eau en tant que marchandise, droit de l’homme, élément du territoire de l’État ou investissement privé pousse le droit international à appréhender juridiquement ces différents aspects. Celui-ci le réalise à travers l’application à l’eau de ces branches de droit spécialisés mais cela aboutit à une approche qui reste fragmentée et sectorielle. Ce constat explique que, face à ce qui est présenté comme une impossibilité du droit international positif à envisager l’eau de façon globale, des propositions doctrinales en appellent à l’élaboration d’un nouveau statut juridique de l’eau au niveau international, mais leur concrétisation se heurte à des obstacles parfois surmontables, parfois insurmontables.

water --- zoet water --- International law --- Water resources development --- Water rights (International law) --- Ressources en eau --- Droits sur les eaux (Droit international) --- Law and legislation --- Exploitation --- Droit --- EPUB-ALPHA-E EPUB-LIV-FT LIVDROIT STRADA-B --- E-books --- Ressources naturelles --- Eau --- Droit international --- Fresh water -- Law and legislation. --- Water resources development -- Law and legislation. --- Water rights (International law). --- Water security -- International cooperation.

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Water supply. Water treatment. Water pollution --- Cours d'eau internationaux --- International rivers. --- Water resources development --- Dams --- Barrages --- International cooperation. --- Law and legislation. --- International rivers --- Ressources en eau --- International cooperation --- Law and legislation --- Exploitation --- Coopération internationale --- Droit --- Water resources development - International cooperation. --- Water resources development - Law and legislation. --- Dams - International cooperation. --- Barrages - International cooperation.