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The Clean Water Act (CWA) contains a number of complex and interrelated elements of overall water quality management. Foremost is the requirement in Section 303 that states establish ambient water quality standards for water bodies, consisting of the designated use or uses of a water body (e.g., recreational, public water supply, or industrial water supply) and the water quality criteria which are necessary to protect the use or uses. Standards are then used to determine which waters must be cleaned up, how much effluent may be discharged, and what is needed for protection. Through permitting,
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In The Protection of Water During and After Armed Conflicts: What Protection in International Law? , Mara Tignino offers an analysis of the principles and rules protecting water in situations of armed conflicts. The monograph also gives insights on the legal mechanisms open to individuals and communities after a conflict. Practice of international organizations and judicial decisions are examined in order to define the contours of the norms dealing with armed conflicts and post-conflict situations. Beyond international humanitarian law, the author suggests that other areas of international law should be taken into account such as human rights law and international water law. This comprehensive view aims at preventing damage to water resources and ensuring access to safe drinking water. Given the fragmentation of instruments and norms dealing with water in times of armed conflicts, it requires an in-depth examination of what means of international law may be developed to ensure a better protection to water.
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Die Träume der kommunistischen Regime in der Tschechoslowakei und Rumänien zur Wassernutzung für die Modernisierung beider Staaten stehen im Mittelpunkt dieser umwelthistorischen Studie. Wie wurde die Wasserwirtschaft im Staatssozialismus zwischen 1948 und 1989 genutzt und was sagt dies über das Mensch-Natur-Verhältnis in beiden Ländern aus? Mittels Henri Lefebvres Ideen zur Raumproduktion werden der Bau von Staudämmen und der Themenkomplex Wasserverschmutzung untersucht und verglichen. Dieser Zugang erlaubt es, nicht nur eine Baugeschichte der Infrastrukturen selbst zu schreiben, sondern auch deren Verschränkung mit der Umwelt zu betrachten. Dadurch ergibt sich ein plastisches und facettenreiches Bild der Konjunkturen und Veränderungen im Verhältnis von Mensch und Natur. Die Arbeit nimmt sich somit einem wichtigen Desiderat der umwelthistorischen Forschung zu Osteuropa an und relativiert die weit verbreitete Vorstellung vom naturzerstörenden Staatssozialismus. Die Regime beider Länder bemühten sich durchaus ernsthaft um den Schutz der Umwelt. Allerdings zeigt die Arbeit auch, wie diese Bemühungen letztendlich am politischen System mit seiner Wachstumsfokussierung und fehlenden Gewaltenteilung scheiterten. Dies wird umso deutlicher an den von mir gezogenen weltweiten Vergleichen zur Wasserwirtschaft. Bis in die 1970er war das Verhältnis von Mensch und Umwelt bis in die 1970er Jahre in allen Industriestaaten vergleichbar. Erst die Zivilgesellschaft und die erstarkten Umweltbewegungen in liberalen Demokratien stoppten die zunehmende Umweltverschmutzung.
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There is an estimated 1.4 billion km3 of water in the world but only approximately three percent (39 million km3) of it is available as fresh water. Moreover, most of this fresh water is found as ice in the arctic regions, deep groundwater or atmospheric water. Since water is the source of life and essential for all life on the planet, the use of this resource is a highly important issue. "Water management" is the general term used to describe all the activities that manage the optimum use of the world's water resources. However, only a few percent of the fresh water available can be subjected to water management. It is still an enormous amount, but what's unique about water is that unlike other resources, it is irreplaceable. This book provides a general overview of various topics within water management from all over the world. The topics range from politics, current models for water resource management of rivers and reservoirs to issues related to agriculture. Water quality problems, the development of water demand and water pricing are also addressed. The collection of contributions from outstanding scientists and experts provides detailed information about different topics and gives a general overview of the current issues in water management. The book covers a wide range of current issues, reflecting on current problems and demonstrating the complexity of water management.
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Water quality management --- Water quality --- Water quality control --- Management --- Sewage disposal --- Water conservation --- Water-supply --- Water quality management.
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Water quality management. --- Chemical mutagenesis. --- Water quality --- Water quality control --- Management --- Genetic toxicology --- Mutagenesis --- Sewage disposal --- Water conservation --- Water-supply
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Technical research to develop better means of treating pollutants and of minimizing theur production is relatively advanced. But, in the field of environmental management generally, research on the question of how best to draw up and implement regulations has been relatively neglected. Consequently, in many areas, the environnement has not been managed either efficiently or effectively. The six essays in this volume examine the complex and important problems behind this failure on three distinct levels.
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The Toolkit for Water Policies and Governance compiles policies, governance arrangements and related tools that facilitate the design and implementation of water management practices in line with the OECD Council Recommendation on Water.
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