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Over the past decade, coastal and freshwater systems in the U.S. and worldwide have experienced an apparent increase in the frequency and geographic distribution of harmful algal blooms (HABs). These blooms can adversely affect both public health and ecosystem health. Toxin-producing HABs can accumulate in drinking and recreational waters and in foods of aquatic origin such as fish and seafood. Human and animal health risks include exposure to the toxins through eating contaminated food or drinking or swimming in contaminated water. Because of these potential public health risks, several countries and U.S. states have developed monitoring programs and guidelines for drinking and recreational water quality to protect public health. This special issue will present research papers and reviews on various aspects of public health and environmental responses to harmful algal blooms. The subthemes considered include: - HAB monitoring for public health protection and response - Public health surveillance for HAB-related exposures and illnesses - Health risks from exposure to contaminated fish and shellfish, drinking and recreational water - Remediation and treatment technologies - Challenges and successes of HAB-related public health education campaigns and programs - HAB risk management.

Algal blooms. --- Algae blooms --- Blooms, Algal --- Microalgal blooms --- Phytoplankton algal blooms --- Water bloom --- Water blooms --- Algal populations --- Microalgae --- Plankton blooms

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Algal blooms --- Algae blooms --- Blooms, Algal --- Microalgal blooms --- Phytoplankton algal blooms --- Water bloom --- Water blooms --- Algal populations --- Microalgae --- Plankton blooms --- Research --- Planning.

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Cyanobacteria are single-celled organisms that live in fresh, brackish, and marine water. They use sunlight to make their own food. In warm, nutrient-rich environments, microscopic cyanobacteria can grow quickly, creating blooms that spread across the water’s surface and may become visible. Because of the color, texture, and location of these blooms, the common name for cyanobacteria is blue-green algae. However, cyanobacteria are related more closely to bacteria than to algae. Cyanobacteria are found worldwide, from Brazil to China, Australia to the United States. In warmer climates, these organisms can grow year-round. Scientists have called cyanobacteria the origin of plants, and have credited cyanobacteria with providing nitrogen fertilizer for rice and beans. But blooms of cyanobacteria are not always helpful. When these blooms become harmful to the environment, animals, and humans, scientists call them cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs). Freshwater CyanoHABs can use up the oxygen and block the sunlight that other organisms need to live. They also can produce powerful toxins that affect the brain and liver of animals and humans. Because of concerns about CyanoHABs, which can grow in drinking water and recreational water, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has added cyanobacteria to its Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List. This list identifies organisms and toxins that EPA considers to be priorities for investigation. Reports of poisonings associated with CyanoHABs date back to the late 1800's. Anecdotal evidence and data from laboratory animal research suggest that cyanobacterial toxins can cause a range of adverse human health effects, yet few studies have explored the links between CyanoHABs and human health. Humans can be exposed to cyanobacterial toxins by drinking water that contains the toxins, swimming in water that contains high concentrations of cyanobacterial cells, or breathing air that contains cyanobacterial cells or toxins (while watering a lawn with contaminated water, for example). Health effects associated with exposure to high concentrations of cyanobacterial toxins include: stomach and intestinal illness; trouble breathing; allergic responses; skin irritation; liver damage; and neurotoxic reactions, such as tingling fingers and toes. Scientists are exploring the human health effects associated with long-term exposure to low levels of cyanobacterial toxins. Some studies have suggested that such exposure could be associated with chronic illnesses, such as liver cancer and digestive-system cancer. This monograph contains the proceedings of the International Symposium on Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms held in Research Triangle Park, NC, September 6-10, 2005. The symposium was held to help meet the mandates of the Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Research and Control Act, as reauthorized and expanded in December 2004. The monograph will be presented to Congress by an interagency task force. The monograph includes: 1) A synopsis which proposes a National Research Plan for Cyanobacteria and their Toxins; 2) Six workgroup reports that identify and prioritize research needs; 3) Twenty-five invited speaker papers that describe the state of the science; 4) Forty poster abstracts that describe novel research.

Algal blooms --- Cyanobacterial blooms --- Cyanobacterial toxins --- Health aspects. --- Prevention. --- Environmental aspects. --- Algae blooms --- Blooms, Algal --- Microalgal blooms --- Phytoplankton algal blooms --- Water bloom --- Water blooms --- Algal populations --- Microalgae --- Plankton blooms --- Blue-green algal toxins --- Cyanobacteria toxins --- Cyanotoxins --- Bacterial toxins --- Blooms, Cyanobacterial --- Cyanobacteria blooms --- Cyanobacteria --- Neurosciences. --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Neuroscience --- Medical sciences --- Nervous system

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Cyanobacterial symbioses are no longer regarded as mere oddities but as important components of the biosphere, occurring both in terrestrial and aquatic habitats worldwide. It is becoming apparent that they can enter into symbiosis with a wider variety of organisms than hitherto known, and there are many more still to be discovered, particularly in marine environments. The chapters cover cyanobacterial symbioses with plants (algae, bryophytes, Azolla, cycads, Gunnera), cyanobacterial symbioses in marine environments, lichens, Nostoc-Geosiphon (a fungus closely related to arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi) symbiosis, and artificial associations of cyanobacteria with economically important plants. In addition, cyanobiont diversity, sensing-signalling, and evolutionary aspects of the symbiosis are dealt with. Renowned experts actively involved in research on cyanobacterial symbioses deal with ecological, physiological, biochemical, molecular, and applied aspects of all known cyanobacterial symbioses. This volume on cyanobacteria in symbiosis complements the two earlier volumes on cyanobacteria published by Kluwer (Molecular Biology of Cyanobacteria, edited by D.A. Bryant and Ecology of Cyanobacteria, edited by B.A. Whitton and M. Potts). Together, the three volumes provide the most comprehensive treatment of cyanobacterial literature as a whole. The book will serve as a valuable reference work and text for teaching and research in the field of plant-microbe interactions and nitrogen fixation.

Cyanobacterial blooms. --- Cyanobacteria --- Symbiosis. --- Symbiosis --- Ecology. --- Ecology --- Cyanobacterial blooms --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Microbiology & Immunology --- Consortism --- Symbiogenesis --- Bacteria, Blue-green --- Blue-green algae --- Blue-green bacteria --- Blue-greens (Microorganisms) --- Cryptophyceae --- Cyanochloronta --- Cyanophyceae --- Cyanophycota --- Cyanophyta --- Myxophyceae --- Myxophyta --- Phycochromophyceae --- Schizophyceae --- Prokaryotes --- Blooms, Cyanobacterial --- Cyanobacteria blooms --- Water bloom --- Water blooms --- Plankton blooms --- Cyanobacteria - Ecology. --- Cyanobacteria - Ecology

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Toxic algae --- Microalgae --- Cyanobacteria --- Algal blooms --- Monitoring --- Control --- Algae blooms --- Blooms, Algal --- Microalgal blooms --- Phytoplankton algal blooms --- Water bloom --- Water blooms --- Bacteria, Blue-green --- Blue-green algae --- Blue-green bacteria --- Blue-greens (Microorganisms) --- Cryptophyceae --- Cyanochloronta --- Cyanophyceae --- Cyanophycota --- Cyanophyta --- Myxophyceae --- Myxophyta --- Phycochromophyceae --- Schizophyceae --- Micro-algae --- Algal blooms. --- Cyanobacteria. --- Microalgae. --- Toxic algae. --- Monitoring. --- Control. --- Monitoring of algal blooms --- Algae --- Poisonous plants --- Microorganisms --- Prokaryotes --- Environmental monitoring --- Algal populations --- Plankton blooms --- Fungi & Algae --- Algues toxiques --- Microalgues --- Cyanobactéries --- Poussées phytoplanctoniques --- Cyanobactéries --- Poussées phytoplanctoniques