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With 700 million people residing in rural India over a large and diverse topography, providing access to safe drinking water is a significant challenge. The government has tried, playing a key role in financing and implementing drinking water schemes. However, about 30 percent of urban and 90 percent of rural households still depend completely on untreated surface or groundwater. The health and economic burdens of poor drinking water are enormous. It is estimated that about 21 percent of communicable diseases in India are water-related. In response, Waterlife, a for-profit company based out of Hyderabad, has experimented with an innovative business model-building and operating stand-alone water purification plants in underserved areas of India that would otherwise have no access to safe drinking water. Waterlife partners with local governments to provide the location and money for construction of the plants. Customers pay a small fee to fill up their 20-liter water jars, and this fee is used to pay back the government expenditure and cover ongoing plant maintenance and operations. The Waterlife model builds strong community ownership due to a transparent operating system with responsive customer service; community awareness campaigns on the importance of safe drinking water; locations in convenient public settings; and the training of a local corps of villagers to manage plant operations and maintenance. Impact can be seen in a reduced incidence of waterborne diseases and related medical expenses and improved job opportunities and school attendance for local villages. The expectation is that if continued and expanded, the utilization of Waterlife plants will enhance long-term economic and health development outcomes for disadvantaged and disenfranchised populations in India.

Drinking Water --- Hydrology --- Local Government --- Water --- Water Economics --- Water Resources --- Water Rights --- Water Supply and Sanitation

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Solar photovoltaic water pumping (SWP) uses energy from solar photovoltaic (PV) panels to power an electric water pump. The entire process, from sunlight to stored energy, is elegant and simple. Over last seven years, the technology and price of solar pumping have evolved dramatically and hence the opportunities it presents. Solar pumping is most competitive in regions with high solar insolation, which include most of Africa, South America, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. This book focuses on the basics of Solar pumping.

Energy --- Rural Energy --- Solar Energy --- Water Economics --- Water Resources --- Water Supply and Sanitation

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A water-focused computable general equilibrium and microsimulation models were applied to analyze the economywide and distributional impacts of the multipurpose Mwache dam investment in the coast region of Kenya. The results show that the dam is likely to contribute to the regional economic growth with highest results under the combined allocation scenario of 80 percent for domestic users and nonagricultural economic sectors and 20 percent for irrigation purposes. In the coast region, water allocation to agriculture is key for inclusive growth and poverty reduction. With irrigation water, increased production of maize, pulses, oil crops, fruits, and vegetables in the hitherto drought-prone region fuels agricultural productivity growth that benefits the regional and national economies. Thus, allocation of water to irrigation can have considerable effects on food availability and food and nutritional security in the region, which suffers from persistent food deficits. Provision of domestic water supply is necessary but not sufficient for overcoming extreme poverty. Increased water availability benefits all industries operating in the coast region, in particular, those relatively more intensive in water.

Dams --- Dams and Reservoirs --- Hydrology --- Income Distribution --- Poverty --- Trade --- Water Economics --- Water Resource Management --- Water Resources --- Water Resources Assessment

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In the late nineties, the Mexican Government has implemented a fiscal risk management policy for natural disasters through the creation of the Mexican fund for natural disasters (FONDEN). The case of Tabasco presents a unique opportunity to analyze the impact of the investments in disaster risk reduction (DRR) in Mexico. The purpose of this report is to assess the impact of said investments in the state of Tabasco between 2007 and 2010 and to analyze, on the basis of empirical evidence, the effectiveness and efficiency of the implementation of risk reduction measures in the country. Due to its geographical location and hydrological characteristics, the state of Tabasco has been affected by 33 hydrological disasters, such as intense rainfall events, floods, and tropical storms, over the last ten years. The analysis confirms that the DRR measures implemented after the 2007 floods played a key role in reducing the damages and losses sustained in the 2010 events. The first section of this document presents background information on the state of Tabasco, how fiscal risk management is handled upon natural disasters in Mexico, and an overview on the creation and implementation of the Plan Hidrico Integral de Tabasco (PHIT). The second section presents the methodology used for assessing the impact of the investments in DRR measures implemented after 2007. The third section analyzes the advantages of both methods, the implications of the results obtained, and the potential of investments in DRR as a cost-effective measure to mitigate the impact of adverse weather events.

Environment --- Environmental Economics and Policies --- Hazard Risk Management --- Hydrology --- Natural Disasters --- Urban Development --- Water Economics --- Water Resources

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Water is an essential component of Turkey's economy and environment. Water resources are under strong pressure in terms of both quantity and quality.Freshwater productivity in Turkey is low compared to that of high-income countries,and of some upper middle-income countries of the region, such as Belarus, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, (World Bank, 2016). As the largest user of water, agriculture has extensive irrigation systems, however the existing irrigation practices are not very efficient.The Turkish government is considering a set of policy issues related to water resource management (WRM), including estimating the economic value of water and incorporating this into strategic decision-making on water allocation and pricing. There is a request for developing a tool for water valuation and accounting.The identification of water goods and services is based on the Total Economic Value (TEV) framework, which includes use and non-use values.The economic valuation of water benefits can be based on a wide range of valuation methods.The study presented in this report focused on water valuation with the objectives of introducing the concept and methods of water valuation, and demonstrating their use through actual application of valuation methods to Turkey's water resources.A case study was quickly carried out in Beysehir Lake sub catchment, the largest freshwater lake in Turkey.The study further identified the need for the following actions: Nurture the political will and institutional arrangements to support the incorporation of valuation into decision-making.Adopt natural capital valuation and accounting as supporting tools in implementing the 2030 Agenda and delivering the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).Carry out in-depth valuation studies, covering a wider range of water values and river basins.Improve the valuation of water benefits in Beysehir Lake subcatchment through extended data collection and site-specific studies concerning the economic value of water uses (i.e. agricultural, municipal, recreational, and biodiversity).Develop national guidelines on water valuation and accounting to facilitate future studies and scale/implement existing efforts nationwide.The report contains six chapters. Following this introduction, Chapter two provides an overview of Turkey's current water sector. Chapter three introduces the concept of total economic value, and Chapter four further discusses the valuation methods for each type of water use. To demonstrate the applicability of valuation in Turkey, Chapter five applies these methods to Beysehir Lake subcatchment in Konya Closed Basin, based on readily available information. Finally, Chapter six provides some conclusions and recommendations.

Climate Change --- Climate Change and Environment --- Environment --- Environment and Natural Resource Management --- Environmental Policies and Institutions --- Water Economics --- Water Resources --- Water Resources Assessment --- Water Resources Management --- Water Use