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100 years of water supply and sanitation in Finland This book is written by Petri S. Juuti, Tapio S.Katko & Riikka P. Rajala.Finland is known as a land of thousands of lakes. Yet, there are regions in Finland where lakes are very few and the lack of fresh water is an ordinary problem. Finland is quite unique in Fennoscandia as to its water resources. The country has some 56 000 lakes with a minimum area of one hectare and all together 200000 lakes. Ground water occurs in alluvial eskers formed during ice ages, the last of which ended some 10 000 years ago. Nowadays some 60 per cent of the people use natural or artificially recharged ground water. However, areas lower than 50–60 metres above sea level have problems with water quality due to geological reasons. In such areas bigger cities use surface water for their water supply or acquire their raw water from sources further away. The book shows us how water supply and sanitation have developed in Finland during years of political independence starting from the year 1917.
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Agrotechnology and Food Sciences. Engineering --- Waste treatment --- Waste treatment.
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Hazardous waste has been defined as waste that is either in a solid, liquid, or gas form, which contributes significantly to serious irreversible or incapacitating reversible illnesses and poses a potential hazard to human health or the environment, depending on its quantity, concentration, and physical, chemical, or infectious characteristics. Hazardous waste risk assessment is a quantitative means of assessing the potential adverse effects of exposure on human health.Management of hazardous waste is a very important process for saving the environment and human life. Traditional and innovative techniques for the treatment and solidification of hazardous waste make for interesting research and study. Proper storage of hazardous waste ensures proper segregation of waste, separation of incompatible wastes, easy access to wastes, reasonable protection against vandalism, and adequate secondary containment. Hazardous wastes are generally stored in different modified containers, including drums and tanks. Prevention or minimization of hazardous waste and improving control methods are introduced as risk management options.Many countries, including developing countries, have taken steps in the right direction to minimize and manage hazardous waste, not only by cleaning up contaminated sites, but also by controlling and reducing the generation of hazardous wastes.
Radioactive wastes --- Management. --- Hazardous waste treatment & disposal
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