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This report reviews Europe's experience in spearheading CE policy. Its aim is not only to highlight its features and accomplishments, but also identify existing barriers to future progress and key measures to overcome them. Its objective is dual: contributing to CE policy development within the European Union (EU), while at the same time identifying lessons from the EU's CE leadership that can be of benefit to non-European countries. Europe has made important progress in achieving material efficiency gains. Over the past two decades, total material use has decreased by 9.4 percent, from 6.6 billion to 6.0 billion tons. The share of resources used derived from recycled waste increased by almost 50 percent between 2000 and 2020. And overall resource productivity (euro per kg of domestic material consumption) increased by nearly 35 percent over the same period. These gains were supported by both exogenous shocks, particularly the impact of the 2008 crisis on material intensive sectors such as construction, and structural change leading to an increasing share of relatively less material-intensive services in EU total gross value added.

Waste products.

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WASTE PRODUCTS

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WASTE PRODUCTS

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This study presents the current state and main challenges for the development of the waste-to-energy (WtE) industry in the countries of the Danube Strategy Region (DSR). Waste-to-energy systems constitute a broad range of technologies for converting various types of waste either directly into electricity or heat or into a fuel for subsequent use. These technologies, furthermore, are dependent on complementary systems and services, in particular waste management. WtE is thus a complex topic overlapping with other prominent issues, such as sustainability, resource security, and the circular economy. The study provides a general overview of WtE technologies and associated systems, presents a cursory look at relevant EU legislation and statistics, details the main challenges facing the development of WtE projects, outlines the situation in the DSR countries, and, finally, presents a case study of a selected successful project.

Waste products. --- Waste products as fuel.

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Waste products --- Transportation --- Netherlands