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This paper uses micro data from the German Socio-Economic Panel to document that the wage structure in West Germany was remarkably stable during 1984-97, with little variation over time in wage or earnings inequality between and within different skill groups. Empirical evidence suggests that this stability is attributable to institutional factors rather than market forces. The rigidity of relative wages, despite relative shifts in labor demand that favor skilled workers, has resulted in sharp declines in employment rates for unskilled workers. The microeconomic evidence is shown to have important implications for interpreting trends in wage shares, capital-labor ratios, and aggregate unemployment.
Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Wage Level and Structure --- Wage Differentials --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: Public Policy --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Labour --- income economics --- Wage structure --- Income inequality --- Wage adjustments --- Labor markets --- National accounts --- Income distribution --- Labor market --- Germany --- Income economics
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From the perspective of market economies, central planning produced distinct distortions in the wage structures of socialist countries. This paper examines the extent to which wage structures have adjusted to remove such distortions during the economic transition using micro-data from the Czech Republic. There is strong evidence that Czech wage structures are moving toward patterns in market economies, and the change is led by developments in the private sector and retarded by the sluggish response in state enterprises. At the same time, the establishment of collective bargaining does not appear to be introducing countervailing distortions into Czech wage structures.
Civil service & public sector --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Economic sectors --- Education --- Education: General --- Finance, Public --- Income economics --- Labor market --- Labor markets --- Labor --- Labour --- Macroeconomics --- Public Enterprises --- Public sector --- Public-Private Enterprises --- Wage adjustments --- Wage structure --- Wages --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: Public Policy --- Czech Republic
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A major element of the persistent fiscal imbalances in Guinea-Bissau is the relatively low level of revenue compared with other sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. Fiscal revenues, including grants, trended downward significantly in Guinea-Bissau from 1991 through 2005, especially during the last five years. Nontax revenues are stagnant as a proportion of GDP as a result of weak fisheries administration and control. Tax revenues as a proportion of GDP are relatively low in Guinea-Bissau even compared with other low-income countries.
Investments: Commodities --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Taxation --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Agriculture: General --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: Public Policy --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Public finance & taxation --- Labour --- income economics --- Civil service & public sector --- Investment & securities --- Revenue administration --- Civil service --- Agricultural commodities --- Wage structure --- Commodities --- Income --- National accounts --- Revenue --- Farm produce --- Agricultural industries --- Guinea --- Income economics
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This paper describes early contributions of Staff Papers to international economics. The paper highlights that Staff Papers has, since its inception in 1950, been an important vehicle for the dissemination of research done by the IMF staff. This paper discusses three areas in which articles published in Staff Papers up until the 1970s made major contributions to the literature in international economics. The areas covered are: the absorption approach and the monetary theory of the balance of payments; the Mundell-Fleming model; and foreign trade modeling.
Balance of payments --- Currencies --- Currency --- Exchange rates --- Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Foreign exchange --- Government and the Monetary System --- Income economics --- International economics --- Labor --- Labour --- Macroeconomics --- Monetary economics --- Monetary Systems --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Money --- Payment Systems --- Real exchange rates --- Regimes --- Standards --- Unemployment --- Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search --- Wage structure --- Wages --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: Public Policy --- United States
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Rebecca M. Blank offers the first comprehensive analysis of an economic trend that has been reshaping the United States over the past three decades: rapidly rising income inequality. In clear language, she provides an overview of how and why the level and distribution of income and wealth has changed since 1979, sets this situation within its historical context, and investigates the forces that are driving it. Among other factors, Blank looks closely at changes within families, including women's increasing participation in the work force. The book includes some surprising findings-for example, that per-person income has risen sharply among almost all social groups, even as income has become more unequally distributed. Looking toward the future, Blank suggests that while rising inequality will likely be with us for many decades to come, it is not an inevitable outcome. Her book considers what can be done to address this trend, and also explores the question: why should we be concerned about this phenomenon?
Equality - Economic aspects - United States. --- Equality -- Economic aspects -- United States. --- Income distribution - United States. --- Income distribution -- United States. --- United States - Economic conditions. --- United States -- Economic conditions. --- Income distribution --- Equality --- Economic aspects --- United States --- Economic conditions. --- 21st century economics. --- american economy. --- american income. --- american wage structure. --- books for econ majors. --- business. --- economic patterns. --- economic research. --- economic researchers. --- economy and family roles. --- economy forecast. --- future of economy. --- gender pay gap. --- history of us economy. --- improving the economy. --- income inequality. --- macroeconomics. --- money and power. --- political science. --- power and wealth. --- social scientists. --- unequal pay. --- us economics. --- us income patterns. --- us public policy. --- women and economy. --- women in workforce.
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Today's news media displays an intense fascination with the global economy--and for good reason. The degree of worldwide economic integration is unprecedented, and rising globalization has lifted living standards and reduced poverty. Foreign markets and new technologies continue to present opportunities for entrepreneurs and corporations. Still, economic shocks can spread across the world in minutes, impacting billions of lives. Citizens are understandably anxious in this age of macroeconomic turbulence and overextended governments. Modern economics offers a powerful framework for understanding globalization, international trade, and economic growth. Many managers possess years of hands-on experience dealing with business cycles and foreign competitive pressures, yet these leaders may not have a solid grounding in economic concepts that shed light on the forces of globalization. This book explains economics in everyday language, using little or no math, giving businesspersons better tools to interpret current events as well as long-term economic and political developments.
International economic relations. --- Globalization. --- economics --- human capital --- financial crisis --- macroeconomics --- comparative advantage --- absolute advantage --- emerging economy --- international trade --- business strategy --- economic growth --- economic history --- international economics --- political economy --- economic development --- industrialization --- labor market --- convergence --- New World --- mercantilism --- Industrial Revolution --- productivity --- technology --- capital control --- intellectual property --- research and development --- productivity slowdown --- Adam Smith --- factor proportions model --- gravity model --- infant industry --- import substitution --- Asian Tiger --- trade policy --- tariff --- public choice --- rent seeking --- trade agreement --- free trade --- liberalization --- information and communications technology --- vertical integration --- supply chain --- poverty trap --- big push --- coordination failure --- industrial policy --- diversification --- value added --- managerial capital --- skill biased technological change --- population growth --- wage inequality --- middle income trap --- tradable sector --- offshoring --- outsourcing --- foreign direct investment --- skill upgrading --- immigration --- wage structure --- regulation --- competitiveness --- corruption --- democracy --- autocracy --- socialism --- communism --- controlled capitalism --- gold standard --- natural resource curse --- business cycle --- collective bargaining --- social insurance --- safety net --- labor union --- Washington Consensus --- multinational enterprise --- exchange rate --- sweatshop --- spillover --- human rights --- labor standard --- property rights --- Dutch disease --- extractive industry --- negative externality --- pollution haven --- greenhouse gas --- global warming --- climate change
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