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De overheid spendeert heel wat middelen aan de voorziening van publieke goederen. Door deze uitgaven kunnen heel wat mensen genieten van het gebruik van deze goederen. De hamvraag is echter of deze goederen ook effectief gewaardeerd worden door de bevolking? Hechten mensen belang aan dit soort goederen, of staan ze niet stil bij de waarde hiervan? Het zou immers ineffectief zijn mocht de overheid grote bedragen spenderen aan bepaalde publieke voorzieningen die in de ogen van de bevolking niet als belangrijk en/of noodzakelijk worden gepercipieerd. In deze masterproef trachten wij aan de hand van de reeds bestaande literatuur en nieuw verworven inzichten uit eigen geleverd onderzoek een antwoord te bieden op deze vraag.
Contingent Valuation Method. --- Gebruik. --- Overheid. --- Publieke goederen. --- Publieke voorzieningen. --- Tevredenheid. --- WTP. --- Waardering. --- Welzijn. --- Willingness To Pay.
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Economic analyses of development projects and policies often involve assigning an economic value to changes in the risk of loss of human life. A typical term used in the economic analyses is the value of statistical life, which reflects the aggregation of individuals' willingness to pay for fatal risk reduction and therefore the economic value to society to reduce the statistical incidence of premature death in the population by one. Studies on the value of a statistical life have been extensively conducted in the developed world; however, few such studies can be found for developing countries. This paper presents a study that estimates individuals' willingness to pay for cancer risk prevention in three provinces of China. The results imply that the mean value of willingness to pay for a cancer vaccine that is effective for one year is 759 yuan, with a much lower median value of 171 yuan. The estimated income elasticity of willingness to pay is 0.42. Using data on the incidence of cancer illness and death in the population, these willingness to pay figures imply that the marginal value of reducing the anticipated incidence of cancer mortality by one in the population is 73,000 yuan and an average value of 795,000 yuan, which are about six and 60 times average household annual income, respectively. The big difference between the marginal value and the average value of fatal risk reduction corresponds to a very low estimated elasticity of willingness to pay with respect to fatal risk reduction. This finding challenges the validity of previous studies of the value of a statistical life, which are mostly based on average willingness-to-pay values of mortality risk reduction.
Air pollution --- Cancer --- Consumer surplus --- Contingent valuation --- Contingent valuation method --- Demographics --- Developed countries --- Developing country context --- Durable goods --- Economic Theory & Research --- Economic value --- Economics --- Environment --- Environmental --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Environmental protection --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- High unemployment --- Labor markets --- Labor Policies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Population Policies --- Present value --- Social Protections and Labor --- Tradeoffs --- Wages --- Willingness to pay --- WTP
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Economic analyses of development projects and policies often involve assigning an economic value to changes in the risk of loss of human life. A typical term used in the economic analyses is the value of statistical life, which reflects the aggregation of individuals' willingness to pay for fatal risk reduction and therefore the economic value to society to reduce the statistical incidence of premature death in the population by one. Studies on the value of a statistical life have been extensively conducted in the developed world; however, few such studies can be found for developing countries. This paper presents a study that estimates individuals' willingness to pay for cancer risk prevention in three provinces of China. The results imply that the mean value of willingness to pay for a cancer vaccine that is effective for one year is 759 yuan, with a much lower median value of 171 yuan. The estimated income elasticity of willingness to pay is 0.42. Using data on the incidence of cancer illness and death in the population, these willingness to pay figures imply that the marginal value of reducing the anticipated incidence of cancer mortality by one in the population is 73,000 yuan and an average value of 795,000 yuan, which are about six and 60 times average household annual income, respectively. The big difference between the marginal value and the average value of fatal risk reduction corresponds to a very low estimated elasticity of willingness to pay with respect to fatal risk reduction. This finding challenges the validity of previous studies of the value of a statistical life, which are mostly based on average willingness-to-pay values of mortality risk reduction.
Air pollution --- Cancer --- Consumer surplus --- Contingent valuation --- Contingent valuation method --- Demographics --- Developed countries --- Developing country context --- Durable goods --- Economic Theory & Research --- Economic value --- Economics --- Environment --- Environmental --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Environmental protection --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- High unemployment --- Labor markets --- Labor Policies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Population Policies --- Present value --- Social Protections and Labor --- Tradeoffs --- Wages --- Willingness to pay --- WTP
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May 2000 - Evaluating design alternatives is a first step in introducing optimal water subsidy schemes. The definition of appropriate targeting criteria and subsidy levels needs to be supported by empirical analysis, generally an informationally demanding exercise. An assessment carried out in Panama revealed that targeting individual households would be preferable to geographically based targeting. Empirical analysis also showed that only a small group of very poor households needed a subsidy to pay their water bill. In designing a rational scheme for subsidizing water services, it is important to support the choice of design parameters with empirical analysis that simulates the impact of subsidy options on the target population. Otherwise, there is little guarantee that the subsidy program will meet its objectives. But such analysis is informationally demanding. Ideally, researchers should have access to a single, consistent data set containing household-level information on consumption, willingness to pay, and a range of socioeconomic characteristics. Such a comprehensive data set will rarely exist. G-mez-Lobo, Foster, and Halpern suggest overcoming this data deficiency by collating and imaginatively manipulating different sources of data to generate estimates of the missing variables. The most valuable sources of information, they explain, are likely to be the following: Customer databases of the water company, which provide robust information on the measured consumption of formal customers but little information on unmeasured consumption, informal customers, willingness to pay, or socioeconomic variables; General socioeconomic household surveys, which are an excellent source of socioeconomic information but tend to record water expenditure rather than physical consumption; Willingness-to-pay surveys, which are generally tailored to a specific project, are very flexible, and may be the only source of willingness-to-pay data. However, they are expensive to undertake and the information collected is based on hypothetical rather than real behavior. Where such surveys are unavailable, international benchmark values on willingness to pay may be used. Combining data sets requires some effort and creativity, and creates difficulties of its own. But once a suitable data set has been constructed, a simulation model can be created using simple spreadsheet software. The model used to design Panama's water subsidy proposal addressed these questions: What are the targeting properties of different eligibility criteria for the subsidy? How large should the subsidy be? How much will the subsidy scheme cost, including administrative costs? Armed with the above information, policymakers should be in a position to design a subsidy program that reaches the intended beneficiaries, provides them with the level of financial support that is strictly necessary, meets the overall budget restrictions, and does not waste an excessive amount of funding on administrative costs. This paper - a product of the Finance, Private Sector, and Infrastructure Sector Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region - is part of a larger effort in the region to evaluate and disseminate lessons of experience in designing policies to improve the quality and sustainability of infrastructure services and to enhance the access of the poor to these basic services. The authors may be contacted at vfoster@worldbank.org or jhalpern@worldbank.org.
Administrative Procedures --- Consumption --- Consumption Patterns --- Cred Demand --- E-Business --- Economic Theory and Research --- Empirical Analysis --- Environment --- Environmental Economics and Policies --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Literacy --- Incentives --- Income --- Information --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Need --- Options --- Poverty --- Private Sector Development --- Revenue --- Standards --- Subsidies --- Tariffs --- Town Water Supply and Sanitation --- Values --- Water --- Water Conservation --- Water Resources --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions --- Water Use --- Willingness To Pay --- Wtp
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This special edition, Seafood Sustainability Series I, includes two articles on seafood consumption, four on sustainable capture fisheries, and four on sustainable aquaculture. The articles on consumption explore an alternative perspective on sustainable seafood movement governance to consumer- or retail/brand-driven logic and analyze fish tissues for human consumption to detect contaminants like flame retardant chemicals hazardous to human health sourced from microplastic pollutants. Articles on capture fisheries include: • A study of harvest strategies to achieve ecological, economic, and social sustainability objectives; • An examination of the economic leverages and resources needed to sustain coastal artisanal fishing communities in Africa; • A review of sustainability planning efforts to combat fishing community threats like declining participation, aging infrastructure and fleets, gentrification, reduced resource access, market competition, and environmental stresses; • An analysis of responsible fish consumption through a life-promoting sustainable food system for school-age children. Three of the articles on aquaculture focus on studying consumer preferences related to sustainable aquaculture based on the estimation of how the attributes of aquaculture products (including product labeling and perception) affect consumers’ purchase decisions. The other article questions the widely held assumption of sustainable substitutability of plant protein sources (e.g., soymeal) for fishmeal in aquaculture production.
corporate social responsibility --- ecolabels --- ethical consumption --- green marketing --- supply chain management --- sustainable seafood --- contamination --- fish --- fisheries --- flame retardants --- health --- PBDE --- seafood --- trophic level --- sustainability --- sensory --- consumers --- artisanal fishers --- double-hurdle --- fish marketing --- fish mothers --- aquaculture --- IMTA --- ecolabel --- choice experiments --- latent class --- WTP --- Triple bottom line fisheries management --- harvest strategy development --- social objectives --- economic objectives --- ecological objectives --- shrimp feed --- fishmeal --- plant ingredients --- marine resources --- terrestrial resources --- contingent valuation method --- double-bounded dichotomous choice --- environmental economics --- environmental psychology --- New Ecological Paradigm --- seafood preference --- copper-alloy nets --- fishing community --- strategic planning --- port --- California --- school lunch programme --- Italy --- healthy nutrition --- oily fish --- Almost Ideal Demand System --- Deepwater Horizon --- frozen seafood market --- retail scanner data
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This special edition, Seafood Sustainability Series I, includes two articles on seafood consumption, four on sustainable capture fisheries, and four on sustainable aquaculture. The articles on consumption explore an alternative perspective on sustainable seafood movement governance to consumer- or retail/brand-driven logic and analyze fish tissues for human consumption to detect contaminants like flame retardant chemicals hazardous to human health sourced from microplastic pollutants. Articles on capture fisheries include: • A study of harvest strategies to achieve ecological, economic, and social sustainability objectives; • An examination of the economic leverages and resources needed to sustain coastal artisanal fishing communities in Africa; • A review of sustainability planning efforts to combat fishing community threats like declining participation, aging infrastructure and fleets, gentrification, reduced resource access, market competition, and environmental stresses; • An analysis of responsible fish consumption through a life-promoting sustainable food system for school-age children. Three of the articles on aquaculture focus on studying consumer preferences related to sustainable aquaculture based on the estimation of how the attributes of aquaculture products (including product labeling and perception) affect consumers’ purchase decisions. The other article questions the widely held assumption of sustainable substitutability of plant protein sources (e.g., soymeal) for fishmeal in aquaculture production.
Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Fisheries & related industries --- corporate social responsibility --- ecolabels --- ethical consumption --- green marketing --- supply chain management --- sustainable seafood --- contamination --- fish --- fisheries --- flame retardants --- health --- PBDE --- seafood --- trophic level --- sustainability --- sensory --- consumers --- artisanal fishers --- double-hurdle --- fish marketing --- fish mothers --- aquaculture --- IMTA --- ecolabel --- choice experiments --- latent class --- WTP --- Triple bottom line fisheries management --- harvest strategy development --- social objectives --- economic objectives --- ecological objectives --- shrimp feed --- fishmeal --- plant ingredients --- marine resources --- terrestrial resources --- contingent valuation method --- double-bounded dichotomous choice --- environmental economics --- environmental psychology --- New Ecological Paradigm --- seafood preference --- copper-alloy nets --- fishing community --- strategic planning --- port --- California --- school lunch programme --- Italy --- healthy nutrition --- oily fish --- Almost Ideal Demand System --- Deepwater Horizon --- frozen seafood market --- retail scanner data --- corporate social responsibility --- ecolabels --- ethical consumption --- green marketing --- supply chain management --- sustainable seafood --- contamination --- fish --- fisheries --- flame retardants --- health --- PBDE --- seafood --- trophic level --- sustainability --- sensory --- consumers --- artisanal fishers --- double-hurdle --- fish marketing --- fish mothers --- aquaculture --- IMTA --- ecolabel --- choice experiments --- latent class --- WTP --- Triple bottom line fisheries management --- harvest strategy development --- social objectives --- economic objectives --- ecological objectives --- shrimp feed --- fishmeal --- plant ingredients --- marine resources --- terrestrial resources --- contingent valuation method --- double-bounded dichotomous choice --- environmental economics --- environmental psychology --- New Ecological Paradigm --- seafood preference --- copper-alloy nets --- fishing community --- strategic planning --- port --- California --- school lunch programme --- Italy --- healthy nutrition --- oily fish --- Almost Ideal Demand System --- Deepwater Horizon --- frozen seafood market --- retail scanner data
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The book "Economic Sustainability of Culture and Cultural Tourism" focuses on the economic sustainability of cultural and cultural tourism projects, but it also takes into account other aspects. It consists of eleven articles, which address cultural heritage, culture, cultural/creative industries and (cultural) tourism. Analysis in the cultural heritage-related articles deals with specific topics such as crowdfunding, cost–benefit analysis in the evaluation of cultural heritage project funding, industrial heritage/brownfields, and social assessment methods for the economic analysis of cultural heritage. Cultural work is further analyzed, offering a comparative economic sustainability analysis in the UK as well as support mechanisms for cultural/creative industries in Canada. Creative industries in the peripheral areas of Italy and Greece are also zeroed in on in the context of their sustainability. Articles focusing on (cultural) tourism address the topics of dark tourism, tourists’ willingness to pay for cultural experiences, and the relationship between COVID-19 vaccinations and the volatility of travel and leisure companies. Additionally, the role of culture and heritage in tourism resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic is explored with interesting results.
cultural heritage --- financial sustainability --- crowdfunding --- Europe --- Hawaiian culture --- visitor perceptions --- economic sustainability --- willingness to pay (WTP) --- COVID-19 pandemic --- cultural and creative industries --- sustainability --- peripheral areas --- cultural heritage projects --- EU funds --- economic analysis --- cost–benefit analysis --- cultural investment --- stimulate tourism --- pandemic recovery --- Canada --- public policy --- grants and financial instruments --- arts management --- cultural policy --- COVID-19 --- pandemic --- stock market volatility --- travel and leisure --- vaccinations --- brownfield redevelopment --- cultural use --- public funds --- Hungary --- post-socialist transformation --- circular urban development --- cultural and creative industries policy --- cultural workers’ precarity --- COVID-19 pandemic recovery plan --- visual arts --- UK --- Ireland --- France --- Universal Basic Income (UBI) --- impact of COVID-19 --- travel --- wellbeing --- NATURA --- UNESCO --- sustainable development --- tourism --- dark tourism --- cultural heritage management --- tourism industry development --- sustainable tourism development --- heritage evaluation --- sociological analytical methods --- sociologic impact assessment --- social performance evaluation
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Legionella spp. are ubiquitous microorganisms that are widely distributed in aquatic environments. Water systems of large buildings, such as hospitals, hotels, and rental units are often contaminated by legionellae and various parameters such as physical, chemical, and microbial building water system characteristics can influence Legionella occurrence. A range of physical and chemical disinfection methods have been proposed to control Legionella contamination; however, to date, the most effective procedures have not been defined. There is a need to survey legionellae in water systems to prevent legionellosis. Although the assessment of L. pneumophila in water is typically performed by culture isolation on selective media, it has several limits. For this reason, alternative tools for rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of Legionella in water samples have been proposed. In order to increase knowledge on different aspects of Legionella contamination in the water environment, this book gathers research studies related to the occurrence of Legionella in water systems of different environments; the role of different factors that can influence the Legionella contamination, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of different methodological approaches.
WTP 828 --- Legionella --- risk assessment plan --- water quality --- microbial analysis --- chemical analysis --- distal site positivity --- hot water return line --- chlorine --- HPC --- temperature --- water management --- free-living amoebae --- biological biocide --- cooling towers --- Legionella pneumophila --- protozoa --- Vermamoeba --- Acanthamoeba --- potable water --- hospital water --- water disinfection --- legionellosis --- Dental unit waterlines --- Legionella spp. --- risk management --- disinfection --- SBT --- molecular diversity --- hotels --- Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs) --- Surgical Handwashing Outlets (SHWOs) --- sensor-activated faucets --- free-living amoebae (FLA) --- virulence genes --- Willaertia magna C2c Maky --- culture media --- environmental monitoring --- quality control --- first draw --- second draw --- biofilm --- whole genome sequencing --- premise plumbing systems --- Legiolert --- ISO 11731 --- plate culture --- potable water samples --- flint --- copper --- PEX --- iron --- premise plumbing --- Legionnaires’ disease --- culture --- BCYE and GVPC media --- MLVA-genotypes --- clonal complex --- West Bank --- non-tuberculous mycobacteria --- Pseudomonas --- Acinetobacter --- amoebae --- PVC --- drinking water --- ecotype --- groundwater --- environmental factors --- magnesium --- niche --- n/a --- Legionnaires' disease
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The book "Economic Sustainability of Culture and Cultural Tourism" focuses on the economic sustainability of cultural and cultural tourism projects, but it also takes into account other aspects. It consists of eleven articles, which address cultural heritage, culture, cultural/creative industries and (cultural) tourism. Analysis in the cultural heritage-related articles deals with specific topics such as crowdfunding, cost–benefit analysis in the evaluation of cultural heritage project funding, industrial heritage/brownfields, and social assessment methods for the economic analysis of cultural heritage. Cultural work is further analyzed, offering a comparative economic sustainability analysis in the UK as well as support mechanisms for cultural/creative industries in Canada. Creative industries in the peripheral areas of Italy and Greece are also zeroed in on in the context of their sustainability. Articles focusing on (cultural) tourism address the topics of dark tourism, tourists’ willingness to pay for cultural experiences, and the relationship between COVID-19 vaccinations and the volatility of travel and leisure companies. Additionally, the role of culture and heritage in tourism resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic is explored with interesting results.
Development economics & emerging economies --- cultural heritage --- financial sustainability --- crowdfunding --- Europe --- Hawaiian culture --- visitor perceptions --- economic sustainability --- willingness to pay (WTP) --- COVID-19 pandemic --- cultural and creative industries --- sustainability --- peripheral areas --- cultural heritage projects --- EU funds --- economic analysis --- cost–benefit analysis --- cultural investment --- stimulate tourism --- pandemic recovery --- Canada --- public policy --- grants and financial instruments --- arts management --- cultural policy --- COVID-19 --- pandemic --- stock market volatility --- travel and leisure --- vaccinations --- brownfield redevelopment --- cultural use --- public funds --- Hungary --- post-socialist transformation --- circular urban development --- cultural and creative industries policy --- cultural workers’ precarity --- COVID-19 pandemic recovery plan --- visual arts --- UK --- Ireland --- France --- Universal Basic Income (UBI) --- impact of COVID-19 --- travel --- wellbeing --- NATURA --- UNESCO --- sustainable development --- tourism --- dark tourism --- cultural heritage management --- tourism industry development --- sustainable tourism development --- heritage evaluation --- sociological analytical methods --- sociologic impact assessment --- social performance evaluation --- cultural heritage --- financial sustainability --- crowdfunding --- Europe --- Hawaiian culture --- visitor perceptions --- economic sustainability --- willingness to pay (WTP) --- COVID-19 pandemic --- cultural and creative industries --- sustainability --- peripheral areas --- cultural heritage projects --- EU funds --- economic analysis --- cost–benefit analysis --- cultural investment --- stimulate tourism --- pandemic recovery --- Canada --- public policy --- grants and financial instruments --- arts management --- cultural policy --- COVID-19 --- pandemic --- stock market volatility --- travel and leisure --- vaccinations --- brownfield redevelopment --- cultural use --- public funds --- Hungary --- post-socialist transformation --- circular urban development --- cultural and creative industries policy --- cultural workers’ precarity --- COVID-19 pandemic recovery plan --- visual arts --- UK --- Ireland --- France --- Universal Basic Income (UBI) --- impact of COVID-19 --- travel --- wellbeing --- NATURA --- UNESCO --- sustainable development --- tourism --- dark tourism --- cultural heritage management --- tourism industry development --- sustainable tourism development --- heritage evaluation --- sociological analytical methods --- sociologic impact assessment --- social performance evaluation
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Legionella spp. are ubiquitous microorganisms that are widely distributed in aquatic environments. Water systems of large buildings, such as hospitals, hotels, and rental units are often contaminated by legionellae and various parameters such as physical, chemical, and microbial building water system characteristics can influence Legionella occurrence. A range of physical and chemical disinfection methods have been proposed to control Legionella contamination; however, to date, the most effective procedures have not been defined. There is a need to survey legionellae in water systems to prevent legionellosis. Although the assessment of L. pneumophila in water is typically performed by culture isolation on selective media, it has several limits. For this reason, alternative tools for rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of Legionella in water samples have been proposed. In order to increase knowledge on different aspects of Legionella contamination in the water environment, this book gathers research studies related to the occurrence of Legionella in water systems of different environments; the role of different factors that can influence the Legionella contamination, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of different methodological approaches.
Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- WTP 828 --- Legionella --- risk assessment plan --- water quality --- microbial analysis --- chemical analysis --- distal site positivity --- hot water return line --- chlorine --- HPC --- temperature --- water management --- free-living amoebae --- biological biocide --- cooling towers --- Legionella pneumophila --- protozoa --- Vermamoeba --- Acanthamoeba --- potable water --- hospital water --- water disinfection --- legionellosis --- Dental unit waterlines --- Legionella spp. --- risk management --- disinfection --- SBT --- molecular diversity --- hotels --- Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs) --- Surgical Handwashing Outlets (SHWOs) --- sensor-activated faucets --- free-living amoebae (FLA) --- virulence genes --- Willaertia magna C2c Maky --- culture media --- environmental monitoring --- quality control --- first draw --- second draw --- biofilm --- whole genome sequencing --- premise plumbing systems --- Legiolert --- ISO 11731 --- plate culture --- potable water samples --- flint --- copper --- PEX --- iron --- premise plumbing --- Legionnaires' disease --- culture --- BCYE and GVPC media --- MLVA-genotypes --- clonal complex --- West Bank --- non-tuberculous mycobacteria --- Pseudomonas --- Acinetobacter --- amoebae --- PVC --- drinking water --- ecotype --- groundwater --- environmental factors --- magnesium --- niche --- WTP 828 --- Legionella --- risk assessment plan --- water quality --- microbial analysis --- chemical analysis --- distal site positivity --- hot water return line --- chlorine --- HPC --- temperature --- water management --- free-living amoebae --- biological biocide --- cooling towers --- Legionella pneumophila --- protozoa --- Vermamoeba --- Acanthamoeba --- potable water --- hospital water --- water disinfection --- legionellosis --- Dental unit waterlines --- Legionella spp. --- risk management --- disinfection --- SBT --- molecular diversity --- hotels --- Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs) --- Surgical Handwashing Outlets (SHWOs) --- sensor-activated faucets --- free-living amoebae (FLA) --- virulence genes --- Willaertia magna C2c Maky --- culture media --- environmental monitoring --- quality control --- first draw --- second draw --- biofilm --- whole genome sequencing --- premise plumbing systems --- Legiolert --- ISO 11731 --- plate culture --- potable water samples --- flint --- copper --- PEX --- iron --- premise plumbing --- Legionnaires' disease --- culture --- BCYE and GVPC media --- MLVA-genotypes --- clonal complex --- West Bank --- non-tuberculous mycobacteria --- Pseudomonas --- Acinetobacter --- amoebae --- PVC --- drinking water --- ecotype --- groundwater --- environmental factors --- magnesium --- niche
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