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Dans le contexte actuel de transition énergétique, l’amélioration des matériaux de construction utilisés dans les habitations, immeubles et autres édifices commerciaux représente un domaine de recherche et de développement très important. Dans les bâtiments modernes comportant de nombreux éléments architecturaux vitrés, les technologies de vitrage conventionnelles démontrent un niveau de performance énergétique relativement limité, tant d’un point de vue du contrôle de la température et de la luminosité intérieure que des pertes énergétiques vers l’extérieur. Afin de surmonter ces limitations, de nouveaux vitrages dits « intelligents » (smart windows) sont développés dans le but d’obtenir de haut contrôle des apports de lumière et de chaleur en fonction des saisons, des conditions météorologiques et du confort de l’utilisateur. Ces technologies innovantes reposent sur la capacité de modulation des propriétés optiques des vitrages par le biais d’un stimulus (électrique, thermique …), et sont ainsi capables de réduire les coûts relatifs au chauffage, au refroidissement et à l’éclairage des bâtiments, offrant un bénéfice à la fois écologique et économique. Dans ce travail, nous étudions à cet égard l’efficacité d’oxydes métalliques inorganiques dits « électrochromes », dont les propriétés optiques peuvent être modifiées de manière réversible par l’application d’un faible potentiel électrique. Sur base de l’état de l’art et de la littérature récente, des formulations à base d’oxyde de tungstène (WO3) dopé au molybdène (Mo) sont ciblées pour atteindre des performances optimales en matière de contraste optique entre états clair et foncé, de cinétiques de commutation et de durabilité au cyclage. Des couches minces de WO3 dopé au Mo sont ainsi déposées sur des substrats de verre revêtus d'oxyde d'étain dopé au fluor (FTO) à partir d’un procédé de synthèse innovant, exploitant un protocole hydrothermal de croissance directe et « auto-alimentée » (« self-seeding ») des films à la surface des substrats. Cette technique de « self seeding » implique que la synthèse et le dépôt des cristaux à la surface du substrat prennent place de manière simultanée et en une seule étape au sein du réacteur hydrothermal. L’impact du taux de dopage en Mo (de 1 à 5% mol.) et de la présence de différents agents structurants ((NH4)2SO4) et additifs (NaNO3) sur les propriétés morphologiques, structurales, électrochimiques et optiques des films générés est spécifiquement étudié. Ainsi, les analyses de diffraction des rayons X révèlent que tous les films possèdent une phase hexagonale avec une proportion orthorhombique de WO3 qui augmente avec le taux de dopage. Les micrographies SEM montrent que la morphologie des films varie avec les taux de dopage au Mo, et que les films dopés au Mo à 5 % possèdent une morphologie plus prometteuse (particules de taille réduite, organisées en film poreux, permettant une surface spécifique élevée ainsi qu’une bonne pénétration des espèces ioniques en présence) pour obtenir des performances électrochromes améliorées. Enfin, des caractérisations électrochimiques de voltammétrie cyclique et de chronoampérométrie combinées à des mesures optiques montrent que les meilleures performances des films en matière de réversibilité, de cinétiques de transition et d'efficacité de coloration sont obtenues pour les films dopés à 5% en Mo et préparés avec NaNO3 comme additif. Concrètement, ces films font état d’un contraste optique de 40%, des cinétiques de coloration/décoloration rapides de 22 et 5 secondes, respectivement, et une efficacité de coloration de 21.3 cm2C-1. Au final, les résultats obtenus et présentés ici semblent prometteurs pour la mise au point de films électrochromes performants à base d’oxyde de tungstène dopé au molybdène, préparés par voie « self seeding » en conditions hydrothermales. Cette approche, permettant un gain de temps et une diminution des coûts matériels et énergétiques nécessaires à la fabrication des films, se révèle particulièrement propice à un approfondissement des caractérisations fondamentales des films générés. Elle est également attrayante dans l’optique de futurs développements visant une application industrielle des matériaux et des procédés pour la préparation de nouveaux « vitrages intelligents » électrochromes.
Films électrochromes --- WO3 --- Hydrothermale --- Dopage --- Physique, chimie, mathématiques & sciences de la terre > Chimie
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This book gathers selected research on the preparation, characterization and application of new organic/inorganic composites endowed with photo(electro)catalytic properties for the photocatalytic production of H2. In these pilot studies, the photoactive materials were tested under either UV-visible or, even more conveniently, under visible light for H2 evolution in “sacrificial water splitting” or “photoreforming” systems. In addition, a review article on the use of 2D materials and composites as potential photocatalysts for water splitting is included.
Technology: general issues --- WO3 --- TiO2 --- hydrogen production --- photoelectrocatalysis --- pancake-like porous carbon nitride --- bottom-up method --- water splitting --- visible light photocatalyst --- photocatalyst --- graphene oxide --- phosphorene --- graphitic carbon nitride --- MOFs --- ethanol reforming --- Au catalyst --- Ti3+ defect --- site-specific deposition --- hydrogen --- catalyst --- photocatalysis --- biomass --- solar light --- perovskite --- carbon nitride --- design of experiments --- WO3 --- TiO2 --- hydrogen production --- photoelectrocatalysis --- pancake-like porous carbon nitride --- bottom-up method --- water splitting --- visible light photocatalyst --- photocatalyst --- graphene oxide --- phosphorene --- graphitic carbon nitride --- MOFs --- ethanol reforming --- Au catalyst --- Ti3+ defect --- site-specific deposition --- hydrogen --- catalyst --- photocatalysis --- biomass --- solar light --- perovskite --- carbon nitride --- design of experiments
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This Special Issue on “Photocatalytic Processes for Environmental Applications” offers an overview of the different photochemical processes (photocatalysis, photo-Fenton, and photolysis) triggered by different inorganic compounds that can be used for environmental applications, including water treatments. Photocatalytic mechanisms are based on the generation of electron/hole (e−/h+) pairs under suitable irradiation (hν > Eg). For water treatment, these charge carriers can form reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydroxyl and superoxide anion radicals, that degrade aqueous organic pollutants efficiently. In this Special Issue, different heterogeneous photocatalysts, including TiO2, CdS, CoFe2O4 and vanadium-based oxides, are discussed regarding their efficiency in the degradation of organic pollutants in water. In addition, some of these photocatalysts are composed of chemical elements that are active in Fenton-based processes, thus exhibiting enhanced degradation extents. In addition to the use of materials in water treatments, homogeneous systems, including Fe(III)-EDDS photo-Fenton and H2O2 photolysis, are also discussed to provide further possibilities for photochemically-assisted water treatments. Another interesting method related to the efficient treatment of water is the use of photoelectrochemical (PEC) systems, where the WO3 photoanode can produce H2O2, which can be subsequently used as a reactant in photocatalysis, photo-Fenton and photolysis systems.
Technology: general issues --- cobalt ferrite --- magnetic properties --- solution combustion method --- rhodamine B --- photocatalytic activity --- photoelectrocatalysis --- hydrogen peroxide --- WO3 --- ethanol --- glycerol --- Direct Blue 1 --- irradiated TiO2 --- heterogeneous photocatalysis --- electron-beam --- adsorption --- photo-Fenton --- EDDS --- 2,4-DCP --- organic matter --- inorganic ions --- natural water bodies --- VUV --- photoreactor --- CFD --- MB --- water treatment --- vanadium oxide --- photochemistry --- environment --- materials --- pollutant --- hydrogen --- CdS --- photocatalysis --- pseudo-first order kinetics --- n/a
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This book gathers selected research on the preparation, characterization and application of new organic/inorganic composites endowed with photo(electro)catalytic properties for the photocatalytic production of H2. In these pilot studies, the photoactive materials were tested under either UV-visible or, even more conveniently, under visible light for H2 evolution in “sacrificial water splitting” or “photoreforming” systems. In addition, a review article on the use of 2D materials and composites as potential photocatalysts for water splitting is included.
Technology: general issues --- WO3 --- TiO2 --- hydrogen production --- photoelectrocatalysis --- pancake-like porous carbon nitride --- bottom-up method --- water splitting --- visible light photocatalyst --- photocatalyst --- graphene oxide --- phosphorene --- graphitic carbon nitride --- MOFs --- ethanol reforming --- Au catalyst --- Ti3+ defect --- site-specific deposition --- hydrogen --- catalyst --- photocatalysis --- biomass --- solar light --- perovskite --- carbon nitride --- design of experiments --- n/a
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This book gathers selected research on the preparation, characterization and application of new organic/inorganic composites endowed with photo(electro)catalytic properties for the photocatalytic production of H2. In these pilot studies, the photoactive materials were tested under either UV-visible or, even more conveniently, under visible light for H2 evolution in “sacrificial water splitting” or “photoreforming” systems. In addition, a review article on the use of 2D materials and composites as potential photocatalysts for water splitting is included.
WO3 --- TiO2 --- hydrogen production --- photoelectrocatalysis --- pancake-like porous carbon nitride --- bottom-up method --- water splitting --- visible light photocatalyst --- photocatalyst --- graphene oxide --- phosphorene --- graphitic carbon nitride --- MOFs --- ethanol reforming --- Au catalyst --- Ti3+ defect --- site-specific deposition --- hydrogen --- catalyst --- photocatalysis --- biomass --- solar light --- perovskite --- carbon nitride --- design of experiments --- n/a
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This Special Issue on “Photocatalytic Processes for Environmental Applications” offers an overview of the different photochemical processes (photocatalysis, photo-Fenton, and photolysis) triggered by different inorganic compounds that can be used for environmental applications, including water treatments. Photocatalytic mechanisms are based on the generation of electron/hole (e−/h+) pairs under suitable irradiation (hν > Eg). For water treatment, these charge carriers can form reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydroxyl and superoxide anion radicals, that degrade aqueous organic pollutants efficiently. In this Special Issue, different heterogeneous photocatalysts, including TiO2, CdS, CoFe2O4 and vanadium-based oxides, are discussed regarding their efficiency in the degradation of organic pollutants in water. In addition, some of these photocatalysts are composed of chemical elements that are active in Fenton-based processes, thus exhibiting enhanced degradation extents. In addition to the use of materials in water treatments, homogeneous systems, including Fe(III)-EDDS photo-Fenton and H2O2 photolysis, are also discussed to provide further possibilities for photochemically-assisted water treatments. Another interesting method related to the efficient treatment of water is the use of photoelectrochemical (PEC) systems, where the WO3 photoanode can produce H2O2, which can be subsequently used as a reactant in photocatalysis, photo-Fenton and photolysis systems.
cobalt ferrite --- magnetic properties --- solution combustion method --- rhodamine B --- photocatalytic activity --- photoelectrocatalysis --- hydrogen peroxide --- WO3 --- ethanol --- glycerol --- Direct Blue 1 --- irradiated TiO2 --- heterogeneous photocatalysis --- electron-beam --- adsorption --- photo-Fenton --- EDDS --- 2,4-DCP --- organic matter --- inorganic ions --- natural water bodies --- VUV --- photoreactor --- CFD --- MB --- water treatment --- vanadium oxide --- photochemistry --- environment --- materials --- pollutant --- hydrogen --- CdS --- photocatalysis --- pseudo-first order kinetics --- n/a
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Catalyst lifetime represents one of the most crucial economic aspects in industrial catalytic processes, due to costly shutdowns, catalyst replacements, and proper disposal of spent materials. Not surprisingly, there is considerable motivation to understand and treat catalyst deactivation, poisoning, and regeneration, which causes this research topic to continue to grow. The complexity of catalyst poisoning obviously increases along with the increasing use of biomass/waste-derived/residual feedstocks and with requirements for cleaner and novel sustainable processes. This book collects 15 research papers providing insights into several scientific and technical aspects of catalyst poisoning and deactivation, proposing more tolerant catalyst formulations, and exploring possible regeneration strategies.
cyclic operation --- n/a --- nickel catalysts --- regeneration --- Cu/SSZ-13 --- syngas --- NH3-SCR --- oxysulfate --- Ni-catalyst --- MW incinerator --- iso-octane --- hydrogenation --- dry reforming of methane --- oxysulfide --- Co-Zn/H-Beta --- Low-temperature catalyst --- Rh catalysts --- deactivation --- vanadia species --- SO2 poisoning --- vehicle emission control --- barium carbonate --- sodium ions --- sulfur deactivation --- tetragonal zirconia --- sulfur poisoning --- Liquefied natural gas --- water --- deactivation by coking --- phase stabilization --- catalyst --- NO removal --- physico-chemical characterization --- octanol --- SEM --- aluminum sulfate --- oxygen storage capacity --- unusual deactivation --- diesel --- nitrous oxide --- exhaust gas --- over-reduction --- poisoning --- catalyst deactivation --- ammonium sulfates --- CO2 reforming --- SO3 --- Rh --- in situ regeneration --- copper --- V2O5–WO3/TiO2 catalysts --- palladium sulfate --- Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) --- biogas --- thermal stability --- phthalic anhydride --- octanal --- natural gas --- sulfur-containing sodium salts --- washing --- coke deposition --- vanadia-titania catalyst --- CPO reactor --- homogeneous catalysis --- NOx reduction by C3H8 --- nitrogen oxides --- effect of flow rate --- DeNOx --- catalytic methane combustion --- deactivation mechanism --- TEM --- catalyst durability --- V2O5-WO3/TiO2 catalysts
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This Special Issue on “Photocatalytic Processes for Environmental Applications” offers an overview of the different photochemical processes (photocatalysis, photo-Fenton, and photolysis) triggered by different inorganic compounds that can be used for environmental applications, including water treatments. Photocatalytic mechanisms are based on the generation of electron/hole (e−/h+) pairs under suitable irradiation (hν > Eg). For water treatment, these charge carriers can form reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydroxyl and superoxide anion radicals, that degrade aqueous organic pollutants efficiently. In this Special Issue, different heterogeneous photocatalysts, including TiO2, CdS, CoFe2O4 and vanadium-based oxides, are discussed regarding their efficiency in the degradation of organic pollutants in water. In addition, some of these photocatalysts are composed of chemical elements that are active in Fenton-based processes, thus exhibiting enhanced degradation extents. In addition to the use of materials in water treatments, homogeneous systems, including Fe(III)-EDDS photo-Fenton and H2O2 photolysis, are also discussed to provide further possibilities for photochemically-assisted water treatments. Another interesting method related to the efficient treatment of water is the use of photoelectrochemical (PEC) systems, where the WO3 photoanode can produce H2O2, which can be subsequently used as a reactant in photocatalysis, photo-Fenton and photolysis systems.
Technology: general issues --- cobalt ferrite --- magnetic properties --- solution combustion method --- rhodamine B --- photocatalytic activity --- photoelectrocatalysis --- hydrogen peroxide --- WO3 --- ethanol --- glycerol --- Direct Blue 1 --- irradiated TiO2 --- heterogeneous photocatalysis --- electron-beam --- adsorption --- photo-Fenton --- EDDS --- 2,4-DCP --- organic matter --- inorganic ions --- natural water bodies --- VUV --- photoreactor --- CFD --- MB --- water treatment --- vanadium oxide --- photochemistry --- environment --- materials --- pollutant --- hydrogen --- CdS --- photocatalysis --- pseudo-first order kinetics --- cobalt ferrite --- magnetic properties --- solution combustion method --- rhodamine B --- photocatalytic activity --- photoelectrocatalysis --- hydrogen peroxide --- WO3 --- ethanol --- glycerol --- Direct Blue 1 --- irradiated TiO2 --- heterogeneous photocatalysis --- electron-beam --- adsorption --- photo-Fenton --- EDDS --- 2,4-DCP --- organic matter --- inorganic ions --- natural water bodies --- VUV --- photoreactor --- CFD --- MB --- water treatment --- vanadium oxide --- photochemistry --- environment --- materials --- pollutant --- hydrogen --- CdS --- photocatalysis --- pseudo-first order kinetics
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This book gives an overview of the state of the art in Catalytic Wet Peroxide Oxidation research for the treatment of industrial and urban wastewaters and provides novel solutions to overcome the current challenges of this technology. These solutions include tailoring of the catalysts to exploit the use of additional energy sources and oxidants. The collected papers illustrate the high versatility of this low-cost technology, easily adaptable to any kind of wastewater, either polluted by high-loaded recalcitrant organics in industrial wastewaters or by emerging pollutants at microconcentration levels in urban waters.
toxicity --- autocatalytic kinetics --- n/a --- fouling --- degradation --- H2O2 --- Fenton system --- crystal violet --- goethite --- water treatment --- Fenton reaction --- emerging micro-pollutants --- ligands --- wastewater --- adsorption --- potable reuse --- wet air oxidation --- solar radiation --- iron leaching --- 1 --- catalytic wet peroxidation --- autocombustion --- 4-dioxane --- antibiotics --- iron redox cycle --- advanced oxidation processes --- wet peroxide oxidation --- chemical oxygen demand --- circumneutral pH --- waste valorization --- wastewater treatment --- gold-based catalysts --- chlorobenzenes --- heterogeneous Fenton --- photocatalysis --- WO3/n?-Al2O3 --- CDots/g-C3N4 --- condensation by-products nature --- cost --- hydroxylamine --- biochemical oxygen demand --- condensation by-products --- advanced oxidation technology --- EDTA --- Tris --- hydroxyl radical --- radiation --- wastewater effluent --- water matrix --- catalytic wet peroxide oxidation --- phenol degradation
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The Special Issue contains ten research papers, three of which review papers. It is a miscellaneous composition encompassing several applications where metal oxides play a key role. Some papers also give insights into novel synthesis methods and processes aiming to reduce negative environmental impacts and increase materials and process efficiency, thus also covering a broader concern of sustainability issues. The topics covered in this issues are: transparent conductive oxides, ceramic composites for tool applications, oxides nanoparticles for A-TIG welding, critical raw materials saving, metallurgical waste treatment, oxides for high temperature applications, nanostructured oxides and composites for gas sensing and desulfuration, and metal oxides sorbents for CO2 capture.
History of engineering & technology --- indium tin oxide (ITO) --- invar metal substrate --- curved perovskite solar cells --- flexibility --- reflectance --- electrode --- RHF --- deposition --- KCl --- ZnFe2O4 --- cohering mechanism --- oxide coating --- nanoparticles --- TIG welding --- penetration depth --- hard facing --- cobalt alloys --- wear --- nano-particle coating --- A-TIG welding --- particle size --- metal flow --- alumina–zirconia composites --- TiC --- TiN --- spark plasma sintering --- wear resistance --- indentation fracture toughness --- X-ray diffraction --- WO3 --- ionic liquids --- gas sensor --- pollutant gases --- desulfurization --- In doped ZnO --- bibliometric analysis --- thin films --- metal oxides --- zirconia --- rare earth zirconates --- thermal barrier coatings --- microstructure characterization --- thermal shock resistance --- CO2 capture --- calcium looping --- nanometric CaZrO3 particles --- n/a --- alumina-zirconia composites
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