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Mobile technologies show great potential to accelerate internet access and usage, especially in developing countries. A better understanding of key drivers and main constraints for mobile internet access is the first prerequisite for governments to design targeted policy solutions. This study exploits a household survey that collects information on information and communications technology access and usage at the household and individual levels in 22 countries in the Global South. The study finds that in addition to infrastructure investment, which has been the main focus of many developing countries, other demand-side factors are of critical importance. Across the developing world, females, the elderly, those who live in rural areas, and those who have a relatively low level of income or education are less likely to adopt mobile internet. Social network effects are found to have a significant positive impact on the usage of mobile internet. Those who have more close friends using an online social network are more likely to adopt mobile internet. Individuals whose five closest friends are using an online social network (such as Facebook or Twitter) are 63.1 percent more likely to adopt it than those without any close friends using such online social network sites/apps. Across regions, although the factors affecting the adoption of mobile internet remain largely the same, the magnitudes of their impacts vary. In Asia, gender differences are negatively associated with mobile internet. In Africa, the impact of education level is more salient than in the other two regions, implying an urgent need to improve digital literacy.

Developing Economies --- Digital Divide --- Digital Gap --- ICT Economics --- Information and Communication Technologies --- Internet Access --- Internet Demand --- Mobile Broadband --- WDR Background Paper

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Profound theoretical and philosophical approach to contemporary music.Unsayable Music presents theoretical, critical and analytical reflections on key topics of contemporary music including acoustic, electroacoustic and digital music, and audiovisual and multimedia composition. Six essays by Paulo C. Chagas approaching music from different perspectives such as philosophy, sociology, cybernetics, musical semiotics, media, and critical studies. Chagas's practical experience, both as a composer of contemporary music and sound director of the Electronic Music Studio of Cologne, nourishes his obser

Electronic music --- Music --- Semiotics --- Hermeneutics (Music) --- Musical aesthetics --- Aesthetics --- Music theory --- History and criticism. --- Philosophy and aesthetics --- Semiotics. --- Philosophy --- Westdeutscher Rundfunk. --- Studio für Elektronische Musik des Westdeutschen Rundfunks --- Studio für Elektronische Musik des WDR --- Electronic Studio Westdeutscher Rundfunk

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While regulations on personal data diverge widely between countries, it is nonetheless possible to identify three main models based on their distinctive features: one model based on open transfers and processing of data, a second model based on conditional transfers and processing, and third a model based on limited transfers and processing. These three data models have become a reference for many other countries when defining their rules on the cross-border transfer and domestic processing of personal data. The study reviews their main characteristics and systematically identifies for 116 countries worldwide to which model they adhere for the two components of data regulation (i.e. cross-border transfers and domestic processing of data). In a second step, using gravity analysis, the study estimates whether countries sharing the same data model exhibit higher or lower digital services trade compared to countries with different regulatory data models. The results show that sharing the open data model for cross-border data transfers is positively associated with trade in digital services, while sharing the conditional model for domestic data processing is also positively correlated with trade in digital services. Country-pairs sharing the limited model, instead, exhibit a double whammy: they show negative trade correlations throughout the two components of data regulation. Robustness checks control for restrictions in digital services, the quality of digital infrastructure, as well as for the use of alternative data sources.

Data Privacy --- Data Protection --- Data Regulation --- Digital Services --- Globalization --- ICT Legal and Regulatory Framework --- Information and Communication Technologies --- International Economics and Trade --- International Trade and Trade Rules --- Trade --- Trade and Services --- WDR Background Paper

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Electronic music --- Electronic tape music --- Electronics (Music) --- Electrophonic music --- Music, Electronic --- Tape music --- Tape recorder music --- Computer music --- History and criticism --- Westdeutscher Rundfunk. --- Studio für Elektronische Musik des Westdeutschen Rundfunks --- Studio für Elektronische Musik des WDR --- Electronic Studio Westdeutscher Rundfunk --- Electronic music. --- Elektronische Musik. --- Studio für Elektronische Musik --- 1900-1999.

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This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue titled “Assessing the Impact of Climate Change on Urban Cultural Heritage” hosted at the Atmosphere journal. This topic has been chosen in light of cities’ ever-growing role and immense potential in the climate adaptation and mitigation discourse and the particular challenges regarding urban heritage making and conservation. It is critical to recognise the complex set of factors governing the physical, social and political future of urban heritage in cityscapes in constant transformation and in an era of planetary urbanisation. The 10 papers (seven research papers, two reviews and one opinion piece) that comprise the issue give a broad cross-section of the issues pertinent to this important topic – accounts on practices and conceptual/methodological improvements in energy retrofit and reuse, risk mapping, urban planning, climate vulnerability assessment, and community engagement by 38 authors from seven countries are used to delineate the implications of current and likely future climates on heritage materials and systems, knowledge and practice gaps, as well as steps that need to be taken to ensure both their safeguarding and their valorisation to achieve climate resiliency.

historic buildings --- risk assessment --- WDR --- resilience --- sustainability --- extreme value analysis --- heritage values --- energy efficiency --- thermal comfort --- heritage conservation --- original features --- system dynamics --- social practices --- decision-making --- historic building --- durability --- performance --- life cycle analysis --- land-use --- tropics --- urban microclimate --- built heritage retrofit --- energy-efficient retrofit policy --- conservation policy --- UK --- Turkey --- earthquakes --- fire --- floods --- historic sites --- landslides --- museums --- insects --- sea level rise --- typhoons --- visitors --- extreme events --- climate projection --- Central Europe --- ProteCHt2save --- climate risk indices --- heritage climatology --- cultural heritage safeguarding --- preparedness --- energy-efficient retrofit --- historic residential buildings --- energy consumption prediction --- heritage buildings --- lithotype --- salt weathering --- kaolinisation --- microcracking --- weather events --- cultural heritage --- urban planning --- climate change --- n/a