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Vitalism

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Dans son célèbre ouvrage de 1970, François Jacob assurait à son lecteur « qu'on n'interroge plus la vie dans les laboratoires ». Il tentait en même temps pourtant d'y fonder les principes d'une « connaissance du vivant », enfermant ainsi la réflexion philosophique dans un cercle inextricable: comment donc s'y prendre pour caractériser la différence entre le vivant et le non vivant, sans avoir recours à la vie? Dans le prolongement de la réflexion que je mène depuis quelques années, ce livre tente de lever ce paradoxe en défendant les principes d'une « approche physique étendue » du vital qui rejette pourtant toute forme de métaphysique physicaliste, celle qui nous laisse croire qu'on peut tirer de la science ces deux affirmations ahurissantes: « le monde physique est complet » et « il est clôturé causalement ». Paul-Antoine Miquel enseigne la philosophie à l'université de Nice. Il est également membre du laboratoire Ceperc (UMR CNRS 6059) à l'université de Provence. Ses derniers ouvrages publiés sont: « Qu'est-ce que la vie » (Vrin, 2007); « Bergson ou l'imagination métaphysique » (Kimé, 2007); « Biologie du XXe Siècle. Evolution des concepts fondateurs » (de Boeck, 2008).

Vitalism.

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This treatise is given to the public with the hope that it may serve, to some extent, as a check to the advancing tide of Materialism, and define, with some precision, the ground Vitalists should occupy in this great debate. Believing that the things and facts of nature are their own best interpreters, we have labored to shun the metaphysical aspects of the subject, and allow them to speak for themselves and for truth. If the "new philosophy" is a true solution of the problems presented by the universe, then in matter itself, and in matter alone, should be found an explanation of the cause and origin of all phenomena, especially of such as are vital and intellectual in their character. Having doubts on this subject, we have made a special examination of all the kinds of matter which enter organic bodies and tested their properties, for the purpose of detecting in them the presence of a vital force or any capacity to work themselves into living organisms; and the conclusion reached is,that matter is not, never was, and never can be, till the constitution of nature is changed, the cause of vital phenomena. It follows that, as vitality does not originate in matter, its marvelous forces must have either an independent existence, which logically is inconceivable, or an antithetic cause in a vital substance.

Materialism. --- Vitalism.

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Biology --- Philosophy. --- Vitalism

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This is an Element surveying the most important literature using game theory and evolutionary game theory to shed light on questions in the philosophy of biology. There are two branches of literature that the book focuses on. It begins with a short introduction to game theory and evolutionary game theory. It then turns to working using signaling games to explore questions related to communication, meaning, language, and reference. The second part of the book addresses prosociality - strategic behavior that contributes to the successful functioning of social groups - using the prisoner's dilemma, stag hunt, and bargaining games.

Biology --- Vitalism --- Philosophy.