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Ophthalmology. --- Vision --- Vision research --- Medicine --- Eye --- Research. --- Diseases

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Recent missions on board the International Space Station have revealed previously unreported physiological consequences of long duration space flight, particularly in eyesight, and in this Brief Dr. Seedhouse reviews the existing theories on what causes this degeneration and how long it will last. Notably, 60% of long-duration crews have reported subjective degradation in vision, a clear indication that further study is necessary before astronauts embark on even longer-term space missions. Decreased near-visual acuity was reported in 46% of ISS/Mir crewmembers, resulting in a change of up to 2 dioptres in their refractive correction. It is possible that ophthalmic changes have been present since the first days of spaceflight, but had been attributed to other causes; this approach to the issue as well as other hypotheses are all presented in full to give a broad foundation of the existing knowledge on the topic.  The changes have occurred at various times during a mission with varying degrees of visual degradation. Some cases resolved on return to Earth, but several crewmembers have not regained pre-flight visual acuity, indicating the damage may be permanent. One explanation of the syndrome has been attributed to hyperopic shift due to aging, but onboard analysis techniques, including visual acuity assessments, retinal imagery, and ultrasound examination of the eye, has led to the acceptance of a wider syndrome. In addition to vision changes, studies have reported flattening of the globe, swelling of the optic disc (papilledema), choroidal folds in the retina, swelling of the optic nerve sheath, and visual field defects. It is widely hypothesized that this spectrum of symptoms may be explained by an elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP). Establishing the provenance of this medical problem, monitoring its occurrence and resolving the symptoms for future long term space missions is a key challenge for space medicine. With this book, readers have an entry point for understanding the full scope of the problem and its possible origins.

Astrophysics. --- Ophthalmology & Optometry --- Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Space flight --- Vision --- Physiological aspects. --- Research. --- Vision research --- Rocket flight --- Space travel --- Spaceflight --- Medicine. --- Ophthalmology. --- Space sciences. --- Aerospace engineering. --- Astronautics. --- Medicine & Public Health. --- Aerospace Technology and Astronautics. --- Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Sciences. --- Aeronautics --- Astrodynamics --- Astronautics --- Interplanetary voyages --- Navigation (Astronautics) --- Flights --- Space Sciences (including Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Exploration and Astronautics). --- Astronomical physics --- Astronomy --- Cosmic physics --- Physics --- Space sciences --- Space vehicles --- Eye --- Diseases --- Science and space --- Space research --- Cosmology --- Science --- Aeronautical engineering --- Engineering

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Benjamin Meyer performs several psycho-physical experiments to measure the re-adaptation process of glared drivers in traffic scenarios. The author then develops a novel tone mapping algorithm to simulate the recurring contrast perception of the human eye by adjusting the displayed contrast. Depending on background illumination, bright light sources cause considerable perception restrictions for a glared viewer and can deter the driver from perceiving critical objects for several seconds and severely increase the risk of accidents. Based on the results of the conducted user studies, this vision impairment is integrated into a night driving simulator. The modified driving simulation provides a more realistic visualization and enables the analysis of critical traffic scenarios including short-time headlight glares. This leads to better transferability of driving simulator results and enables investigating driving behavior in the presence of glare. Contents Measuring Contrast Perception User Studies and Field Test Modeling, Simulation, and Evaluation Target Groups Researchers, Students, and Practitioners in the Field of Computer Science, Computer Graphics, Cognitive Psychology and Automotive Engineering About the Author Dr. Benjamin Meyer studied computer science from 2003 to 2008 with specialization in computer graphics. After his graduation, he worked five years as a research associate at a computer graphics lab, where this thesis was developed as a joint work with a major German car manufacturer.

Computer science. --- User interfaces (Computer systems). --- Computer simulation. --- Computer graphics. --- Cognitive psychology. --- Computer Science. --- Computer Graphics. --- Simulation and Modeling. --- User Interfaces and Human Computer Interaction. --- Cognitive Psychology. --- Vision --- Headlight glare. --- Motor vehicle drivers. --- Research. --- Drivers, Motor vehicle --- Motor vehicle operators --- Motorists --- Operators, Motor vehicle --- Automobile headlight glare --- Vision research --- Automobile driving at night --- Automobiles --- Glare --- Motor vehicle occupants --- Persons --- Lighting --- Consciousness. --- Computer modeling --- Computer models --- Modeling, Computer --- Models, Computer --- Simulation, Computer --- Electromechanical analogies --- Mathematical models --- Simulation methods --- Model-integrated computing --- Automatic drafting --- Graphic data processing --- Graphics, Computer --- Computer art --- Graphic arts --- Electronic data processing --- Engineering graphics --- Image processing --- Apperception --- Mind and body --- Perception --- Philosophy --- Psychology --- Spirit --- Self --- Informatics --- Science --- Digital techniques --- Psychology, Cognitive --- Cognitive science --- Interfaces, User (Computer systems) --- Human-machine systems --- Human-computer interaction