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Stories of the torture and execution of beautiful Christian women first appeared in late antiquity and proliferated during the early Middle Ages. A thousand years later, virgin martyrs were still the most popular female saints. Their legends, in countless retellings through the centuries, preserved a standard plot-the heroine resists a pagan suitor, endures cruelties inflicted by her rejected lover or outraged family, works miracles, and dies for Christ. That sequence was embellished by incidents emblematic of the specific saint: Juliana's battle with the devil, Barbara's immurement in the tower, Katherine's encounter with spiked wheels. Karen A. Winstead examines this seemingly static story form and discovers subtle shifts in the representation of the virgin martyrs, as their legends were adapted for changing audiences in late medieval England.
Christian legends --- Christian hagiography --- Virginity --- Christian women martyrs --- Christian women saints --- Legends, Christian --- Legends --- Sexual abstinence --- Defloration --- First sexual experiences --- Women Christian martyrs --- Christian martyrs --- Women martyrs --- Christian saints, Women --- Women Christian saints --- Christian saints --- Women saints --- History --- Religious aspects --- Christianity --- History of doctrines --- Biography --- History and criticism. --- England --- Religious life and customs. --- Church history --- History and criticism --- Middle Ages, 500-1500 --- Legends [Christian ] --- 1066-1485 --- Religious life and customs --- Christian women saints - Biography - History and criticism. --- Christian women martyrs - Biography - History and criticism. --- Virginity - Religious aspects - Christianity - History of doctrines - Middle Ages, 600-1500. --- Legends, Christian - England.
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The early Christian writer Tertullian first applied the epithet "bride of Christ" to the uppity virgins of Carthage as a means of enforcing female obedience. Henceforth, the virgin as Christ's spouse was expected to manifest matronly modesty and due submission, hobbling virginity's ancient capacity to destabilize gender roles. In the early Middle Ages, the focus on virginity and the attendant anxiety over its possible loss reinforced the emphasis on claustration in female religious communities, while also profoundly disparaging the nonvirginal members of a given community. With the rising importance of intentionality in determining a person's spiritual profile in the high Middle Ages, the title of bride could be applied and appropriated to laywomen who were nonvirgins as well. Such instances of democratization coincided with the rise of bridal mysticism and a progressive somatization of female spirituality. These factors helped cultivate an increasingly literal and eroticized discourse: women began to undergo mystical enactments of their union with Christ, including ecstatic consummations and vivid phantom pregnancies. Female mystics also became increasingly intimate with their confessors and other clerical confidants, who were sometimes represented as stand-ins for the celestial bridegroom. The dramatic merging of the spiritual and physical in female expressions of religiosity made church authorities fearful, an anxiety that would coalesce around the figure of the witch and her carnal induction into the Sabbath.
Virginity --- Marriage --- Women in Christianity --- Sexual abstinence --- Defloration --- First sexual experiences --- Married life --- Matrimony --- Nuptiality --- Wedlock --- Love --- Sacraments --- Betrothal --- Courtship --- Families --- Home --- Honeymoons --- Religious aspects --- Christianity --- History of doctrines --- History --- Virginity - Religious aspects - Christianity - History of doctrines - Early church, ca. 30-600 --- Virginity - Religious aspects - Christianity - History of doctrines - Middle Ages, 600-1500 --- Marriage - Religious aspects - Christianity - History of doctrines - Early church, ca. 30-600 --- Marriage - Religious aspects - Christianity - History of doctrines - Middle Ages, 600-1500 --- Women in Christianity - History - Early church, ca. 30-600 --- Women in Christianity - History - Middle Ages, 600-1500 --- Saintes femmes --- Gender Studies. --- History. --- Medieval and Renaissance Studies. --- Religion. --- Women's Studies.
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English literature --- Women and literature --- Virginity --- Christian literature, English (Middle) --- Women --- Christian women saints --- Christian saints in literature. --- Virginity in literature. --- Hagiography. --- Littérature anglaise --- Femmes et littérature --- Virginité --- Littérature chrétienne anglaise (moyen anglais) --- Femmes --- Saintes chrétiennes --- Saints chrétiens dans la littérature --- Virginité dans la littérature --- Hagiographie --- History and criticism. --- History --- Religious aspects --- Christianity --- History of doctrines --- Women authors --- Books and reading --- Legends --- Religious life --- Histoire et critique --- Histoire --- Aspect religieux --- Christianisme --- Histoire des doctrines --- Femmes écrivains --- Livres et lecture --- Légendes --- Vie religieuse --- Christian saints in literature --- Virginity in literature --- Hagiography --- History and criticism --- Christian hagiography --- Littérature anglaise --- Femmes et littérature --- Virginité --- Littérature chrétienne anglaise (moyen anglais) --- Saintes chrétiennes --- Saints chrétiens dans la littérature --- Virginité dans la littérature --- Femmes écrivains --- Légendes --- Human females --- Wimmin --- Woman --- Womon --- Womyn --- Females --- Human beings --- Femininity --- Sexual abstinence --- Defloration --- First sexual experiences --- British literature --- Inklings (Group of writers) --- Nonsense Club (Group of writers) --- Order of the Fancy (Group of writers) --- Christian saints, Women --- Women Christian saints --- Christian saints --- Women saints --- Legends&delete& --- Women authors&delete& --- English literature - Middle English, 1100-1500 - History and criticism --- Women and literature - England - History - To 1500 --- Virginity - Religious aspects - Christianity - History of doctrines - Middle Ages, 600-1500 --- Christian literature, English (Middle) - History and criticism --- English literature - Women authors - History and criticism --- Women - Books and reading - England - History - To 1500 --- Christian women saints - Legends - History and criticism --- Women - Religious life - England - History - To 1500 --- Christian spirituality --- anno 1100-1199 --- anno 1200-1299 --- Sainteté --- 1100-1500 (moyen anglais) --- Grande-Bretagne --- Angleterre (GB) --- Jusqu'à 1500 --- Dans la littérature
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