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While the literature on consumption insurance is growing fast, little research has been conducted on how rural consumption insurance is affected by democracy. In this paper the authors examine how consumption insurance of Chinese rural residents is affected if the local leader is democratically elected. Exploring a unique panel data set of 1,400 households from 1987 to 2002, they find that consumption insurance is more complete when the households are in villages with elected village leaders. Furthermore, democracy improves consumption insurance only for the poor and middle-income farmers, but not for the rich. These findings underline the importance of democratic governance for ensuring better rural consumption insurance and poverty reduction.

Administrative Costs --- Consumption --- Consumption Insurance --- Consumption Smoothing --- Currencies and Exchange Rates --- E-Government --- Economic Theory and Research --- Farmers --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Intermediation --- Financial Literacy --- Governance --- Household Consumption --- Household Head --- Household Income --- Household Size --- Idiosyncratic Shocks --- Income --- Inequality --- Labor Policies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Poor --- Poor Farmers --- Poverty --- Poverty Reduction --- Risk Sharing --- Risks --- Rural --- Rural Development --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Rural Residents --- Services and Transfers to Poor --- Social Protections and Labor --- Transfers --- Village Leaders

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In this powerful and evocative narrative, Gail Lee Bernstein vividly re-creates the past three centuries of Japanese history by following the fortunes of a prominent Japanese family over fourteen generations. The first of its kind in English, this book focuses on Isami, the eleventh generation patriarch and hereditary village head. Weaving back and forth between Isami's time in the first half of the twentieth century and his ancestors' lives in the Tokugawa and Meiji eras, Bernstein uses family history to convey a broad panoply of social life in Japan since the late 1600s. As the story unfolds, she provides remarkable details and absorbing anecdotes about food, famines, peasant uprisings, agrarian values, marriage customs, child-rearing practices, divorces, and social networks. Isami's House describes the role of rural elites, the architecture of Japanese homes, the grooming of children for middle-class life in Tokyo, the experiences of the Japanese in Japan's wartime empire and on the homefront, the aftermath of the country's defeat, and, finally, the efforts of family members to rebuild their lives after the Occupation. The author's forty-year friendship with members of the family lends a unique intimacy to her portrayal of their history. Readers come away with an inside view of Japanese family life, a vivid picture of early modern and modern times, and a profound understanding of how villagers were transformed into urbanites and what was gained, and lost, in the process.

Matsuura family. --- Japan --- History --- J2283 --- J4170 --- Japan: Genealogy and biography -- genealogy, family biographies --- Japan: Sociology and anthropology -- family --- HISTORY / Asia / General. --- Matsuura family.. --- Japan -- History -- Tokugawa period, 1600-1868.. --- Japan -- History -- 1868-. --- 1600s. --- 20th century. --- agrarian values. --- family and culture. --- family generations. --- family historians. --- family history. --- genealogy. --- hereditary lines. --- isami. --- japan. --- japanese ancestry. --- japanese culture. --- japanese families. --- japanese family life. --- japanese history. --- marriage customs. --- meiji era. --- middle class life. --- multigenerational. --- nonfiction. --- retrospective. --- social life. --- social networks. --- tokugawa era. --- tokyo. --- traditional families. --- urbanization. --- village leaders. --- wartime japan.

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This paper reviews both current practices and common challenges of measuring the causes, functioning, and consequences of violent conflict at the micro-level. The authors review existing conflict- and violence-related survey questionnaires, with a particular focus on the World Bank's Living Standard Measurement Surveys. Further, they discuss methodological challenges associated with empirical work in conflict-affected areas-such as operationalizing a definition of conflict, using the appropriate units of analysis, deciding on the timing of the survey, dealing with data biases and conducting surveys in an ethically sound manner-and propose ways to improve the usefulness of existing surveys to analyze conflict processes at the micro-level. Violent conflict, households, survey methods, questionnaire design.

Abuse. --- Access to Markets. --- Access to Services. --- Armed Conflict. --- Atrocities. --- Basic Needs. --- Bombing. --- Causes of Displacement. --- Child Mortality. --- Civil War. --- Civilian Populations. --- Combatants. --- Conflict and Development. --- Conflict Research. --- Conflict Resolution. --- Conflict. --- Conflicts. --- Constraints. --- Consultant. --- Contract. --- Crises. --- Death. --- Demobilization. --- Democracy. --- Developing Countries. --- Disarmament. --- Economic Development. --- Economic Growth. --- Economies. --- Ethnic Group. --- Evelopment Aid. --- Evelopment Policy. --- Ex-Combatant. --- Excess Mortality. --- Exposure to Violence. --- Extreme Poverty. --- Fertility. --- Fighting. --- Food Consumption. --- Food Policy. --- Foundations. --- Genocide. --- Guerrilla. --- Health Problems. --- Health, Nutrition and Population. --- Household Emographics. --- Household Heads. --- Household Survey. --- Household Welfare. --- Human Capital. --- Human Welfare. --- Hunger Insurance. --- Illness. --- Impact of Conflict. --- Impact of Shocks. --- Income. --- Inequality. --- Insurance. --- International Bank. --- International Committee. --- International Cooperation. --- Knowledge. --- Labor Market. --- Labor Supply. --- Lack of Infrastructure. --- Life Events. --- Living Standards. --- Local Conflict. --- Malnutrition. --- Measures. --- Migration. --- Military Service. --- Mortality Levels. --- Mortality. --- Nations. --- Needs Assessments. --- Negotiations. --- Number of Deaths. --- Nutrition. --- Observer. --- Peace Research. --- Peace. --- Peacebuilding. --- Peacekeeping. --- Polarization. --- Policy Iscussions. --- Policy Makers. --- Policy Research Working Paper. --- Policy Research. --- Policy. --- Political Constraints. --- Political Instability. --- Political Participation. --- Political Violence. --- Politics. --- Poor Households. --- Poor. --- Population Fund. --- Population Groups. --- Population Policies. --- Population. --- Post Conflict Reconstruction. --- Post-Conflict Reconstruction. --- Poverty Dynamics. --- Poverty Estimates. --- Poverty Reduction. --- Poverty. --- Primary School. --- Progress. --- Publications. --- Rape. --- Rebel. --- Reconstruction. --- Refugee Camps. --- Refugee. --- Revolutions. --- Right-Wing. --- Risks. --- Roads. --- Rural Households. --- Rural Poverty Reduction. --- Rural Roads. --- Rural. --- Sexual Abuse. --- Social Action. --- Social Conflict and Violence. --- Social Development. --- Social Science. --- Social Security. --- Soldiers. --- Substance Abuse. --- Terrorism. --- Training. --- Transfers. --- Trauma. --- Trust. --- Unemployment. --- United Nations Population Fund. --- University. --- Victims. --- Village Leaders. --- Violence. --- Violent Conflict. --- Violent Experiences. --- Vulnerability. --- Vulnerable Groups. --- War. --- Warfare. --- World Evelopment.