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Caveolae are 50-100 nm flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane that are primarily composed of cholesterol and sphingolipids. Using modern electron microscopy techniques, caveolae can be observed as omega-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane, fully-invaginated caveolae, grape-like clusters of interconnected caveolae (caveosome), or as transcellular channels as a consequence of the fusion of individual caveolae. The caveolin gene family consists of three distinct members, namely Cav-1, Cav-2 and Cav-3. Cav-1 and Cav-2 proteins are usually co-expressed and particularly abundant in epithelial, endothelial, and smooth muscle cells as well as adipocytes and fibroblasts. On the other hand, the Cav-3 protein appears to be muscle-specific and is therefore only expressed in smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscles. Caveolin proteins form high molecular weight homo- and/or hetero-oligomers and assume an unusual topology with both their N- and C-terminal domains facing the cytoplasm.

Cellular signal transduction. --- Membrane proteins. --- Biochemical Processes --- Coated Pits, Cell-Membrane --- Vesicular Transport Proteins --- Cell Physiological Processes --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Coated Vesicles --- Membrane Microdomains --- Medicine --- Cell Physiological Phenomena --- Health Occupations --- Cell Membrane Structures --- Transport Vesicles --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Biochemical Phenomena --- Chemical Processes --- Membrane Proteins --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Chemical Phenomena --- Cell Membrane --- Cytoplasmic Vesicles --- Phenomena and Processes --- Proteins --- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins --- Organelles --- Cellular Structures --- Cells --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Cytoplasmic Structures --- Anatomy --- Cytoplasm --- Intracellular Space --- Caveolins --- Caveolae --- Pathology --- Signal Transduction --- Physiology --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Animal Biochemistry --- Cellular information transduction --- Information transduction, Cellular --- Signal transduction, Cellular --- Medicine. --- Biomedicine. --- Biomedicine general. --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Physicians --- Bioenergetics --- Cellular control mechanisms --- Information theory in biology --- Biomedicine, general. --- Health Workforce

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Comprehensively covers protein subcellular localization from single-label prediction to multi-label prediction, and includes prediction strategies for virus, plant, and eukaryote species. Three machine learning tools are introduced to improve classification refinement, feature extraction, and dimensionality reduction.

Artificial intelligence. --- Probability. --- Protein transport. --- Statistics as Topic --- Computing Methodologies --- Biological Transport --- Mathematical Concepts --- Phenomena and Processes --- Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms --- Information Science --- Epidemiologic Methods --- Metabolism --- Public Health --- Investigative Techniques --- Metabolic Phenomena --- Quality of Health Care --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Environment and Public Health --- Health Care --- Probability --- Protein Transport --- Artificial Intelligence --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Animal Biochemistry --- Computational Intelligence --- AI (Artificial Intelligence) --- Computer Reasoning --- Computer Vision Systems --- Knowledge Acquisition (Computer) --- Knowledge Representation (Computer) --- Machine Intelligence --- Acquisition, Knowledge (Computer) --- Computer Vision System --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligence, Computational --- Intelligence, Machine --- Knowledge Representations (Computer) --- Reasoning, Computer --- Representation, Knowledge (Computer) --- System, Computer Vision --- Systems, Computer Vision --- Vision System, Computer --- Vision Systems, Computer --- Heuristics --- Protein Localization Processes, Cellular --- Protein Sorting --- Protein Trafficking --- Cellular Protein Targeting --- Gated Protein Transport --- Protein Targeting, Cellular --- Protein Translocation --- Transmembrane Protein Transport --- Vesicular Protein Transport --- Protein Transport, Gated --- Protein Transport, Transmembrane --- Protein Transport, Vesicular --- Traffickings, Protein --- Protein Sorting Signals --- Vesicular Transport Proteins --- Probabilities --- Community-Based Distribution --- Contraceptive Distribution --- Delivery of Healthcare --- Dental Care Delivery --- Distribution, Non-Clinical --- Distribution, Nonclinical --- Distributional Activities --- Healthcare --- Healthcare Delivery --- Healthcare Systems --- Non-Clinical Distribution --- Nonclinical Distribution --- Delivery of Dental Care --- Health Care Delivery --- Health Care Systems --- Activities, Distributional --- Activity, Distributional --- Care, Health --- Community Based Distribution --- Community-Based Distributions --- Contraceptive Distributions --- Deliveries, Healthcare --- Delivery, Dental Care --- Delivery, Health Care --- Delivery, Healthcare --- Distribution, Community-Based --- Distribution, Contraceptive --- Distribution, Non Clinical --- Distributional Activity --- Distributions, Community-Based --- Distributions, Contraceptive --- Distributions, Non-Clinical --- Distributions, Nonclinical --- Health Care System --- Healthcare Deliveries --- Healthcare System --- Non Clinical Distribution --- Non-Clinical Distributions --- Nonclinical Distributions --- System, Health Care --- System, Healthcare --- Systems, Health Care --- Systems, Healthcare --- Healthcare Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Pharmacy Audit --- Quality of Care --- Quality of Healthcare --- Audit, Pharmacy --- Care Quality --- Health Care Quality --- Healthcare Quality --- Pharmacy Audits --- Metabolic Phenomenon --- Metabolic Process --- Metabolism Concepts --- Metabolism Phenomena --- Process, Metabolic --- Processes, Metabolic --- Anabolism --- Catabolism --- Metabolic Concepts --- Metabolic Processes --- Concept, Metabolic --- Concept, Metabolism --- Concepts, Metabolic --- Concepts, Metabolism --- Metabolic Concept --- Metabolism Concept --- Phenomena, Metabolic --- Phenomena, Metabolism --- Phenomenon, Metabolic --- Investigative Technics --- Investigative Technic --- Investigative Technique --- Technic, Investigative --- Technics, Investigative --- Technique, Investigative --- Techniques, Investigative --- Community Health --- Environment, Preventive Medicine & Public Health --- Environment, Preventive Medicine and Public Health --- Health, Community --- Health, Public --- Preventive Medicine --- Education, Public Health Professional --- Epidemiologic Method --- Epidemiological Methods --- Methods, Epidemiologic --- Epidemiological Method --- Method, Epidemiologic --- Method, Epidemiological --- Methods, Epidemiological --- Epidemiology --- Information Sciences --- Science, Information --- Sciences, Information --- Healthcare Evaluation Mechanisms --- Evaluation Mechanism, Healthcare --- Evaluation Mechanisms, Healthcare --- Healthcare Evaluation Mechanism --- Mechanism, Healthcare Evaluation --- Mechanisms, Healthcare Evaluation --- Concept, Mathematical --- Concepts, Mathematical --- Mathematical Concept --- Biologic Transport --- Transport, Biological --- Transport, Biologic --- Transport Vesicles --- Membrane Transport Proteins --- High Performance Computing --- Methodologies, Computing --- Computing Methodology --- Computing, High Performance --- Methodology, Computing --- Performance Computing, High --- Area Analysis --- Estimation Technics --- Estimation Techniques --- Indirect Estimation Technics --- Indirect Estimation Techniques --- Multiple Classification Analysis --- Service Statistics --- Statistical Study --- Statistics, Service --- Tables and Charts as Topic --- Analyses, Area --- Analyses, Multiple Classification --- Area Analyses --- Classification Analyses, Multiple --- Classification Analysis, Multiple --- Estimation Technic, Indirect --- Estimation Technics, Indirect --- Estimation Technique --- Estimation Technique, Indirect --- Estimation Techniques, Indirect --- Indirect Estimation Technic --- Indirect Estimation Technique --- Multiple Classification Analyses --- Statistical Studies --- Studies, Statistical --- Study, Statistical --- Technic, Indirect Estimation --- Technics, Estimation --- Technics, Indirect Estimation --- Technique, Estimation --- Technique, Indirect Estimation --- Techniques, Estimation --- Techniques, Indirect Estimation --- methods --- Proteins --- Machine learning. --- Physiological transport --- Data processing. --- Learning, Machine --- Artificial intelligence --- Machine theory --- Proteids --- Biomolecules --- Polypeptides --- Proteomics --- Bioinformatics. --- Computer Science. --- Proteomics.