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Comment s'articulent dans une langue les normes prescriptives, les évaluations subjectives et les comportements des locuteurs ?Cette question est ici envisagée à partir de plusieurs postes d'observation : les situations où se côtoient, où se superposent,deux régimes normatifs, celles où ils entrent en conflit ou, au contraire, se donnent à voir dans un jeu quasi bilingue. Les con tributions rassemblées dans ce volume abordent ainsi un certain nombre de cas exemplaires, en faisant dialoguer les spécialistes de l'histoire des idées linguistiques, de la sociolinguistique historique, de l'histoire de la langue, de la littérature… Couvrant une période historique allant du XVIe jusqu'à la fin du XIXe siècle, avec une attention particulière pour le XVIIe siècle, c onsidéré comme prototypique, l'ouvrage aborde les discours "savants" confrontés à des usages nouveaux ou archaïques, l'impact des injonctions normatives en phonologie ou en syntaxe, ainsi que les pratiques langagières de ceux qui ne sont pas des grammairiens professionnels, et notamment les commentaires réflexifs de journalistes et d'écrivains. L'élargissement de l'enquête vers d'a utres situations européennes permet de prendre la mesure des spécificités de l'histoire de chaque langue. L'ensemble offre une riche illustration des approches possibles du changement et de la standardisation des langues.

16e siècle-19e siècle. --- Colloquial language --- Colloquial language. --- Français (Langue) --- Français (Langue). --- Français (langue) --- Français (langue). --- French language --- Langue familière --- Langue. --- Normalisation. --- Usage (bon usage). --- Variation de langage. --- français (langue) --- langue --- norme. --- History. --- Research. --- Variation. --- Normalisation --- Histoire. --- Standardization. --- Recherche. --- Norme --- Usage (grammaire) --- Europe --- Langues --- Linguistique --- Histoire

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French language --- Variation --- Social aspects --- Francais (langue) --- Soziolinguistik --- Sprachschichtung --- français (langue) --- Variation de langage. --- Variation linguistique. --- variation (sociolinguistique) --- Französisch --- 804.0-086 Frans: slang; jeugdtaal; vaktaal --- Frans: slang; jeugdtaal; vaktaal --- Sprachschichtung. --- Français (Langue). --- variation (sociolinguistique). --- 804.0-086 --- 800:316 --- 800:316 Sociolinguistiek --- Sociolinguistiek --- Français (langue) --- Variation linguistique --- Aspect social --- Aspect social. --- Français (Langue) --- Sociolinguistique. --- Soziolinguistik. --- Variation. --- Spoken French. --- Französisch. --- Sociolinguistics --- Français (Langue) --- Sociolinguistique --- French language - Variation --- French language - Social aspects

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A research perspective that takes language use into account opens up new views of old issues and provides an understanding of issues that linguists have rarely addressed. Referencing new developments in cognitive and functional linguistics, phonetics, and connectionist modeling, this book investigates various ways in which a speaker/hearer's experience with language affects the representation of phonology. Rather than assuming phonological representations in terms of phonemes, Joan Bybee adopts an exemplar model, in which specific tokens of use are stored and categorized phonetically with reference to variables in the context. This model allows an account of phonetically gradual sound change which produces lexical variation, and provides an explanatory account of the fact that many reductive sound changes affect high frequency items first. The well-known effects of type and token frequency on morphologically-conditioned phonological alterations are shown also to apply to larger sequences, such as fixed phrases and constructions, solving some of the problems formulated previously as dealing with the phonology-syntax interface.

Phonetics --- Grammar --- Grammar, Comparative and general. --- Grammar, Comparative and general - Morphology. --- Linguistic change. --- Linguistic universals. --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Linguistic change --- Linguistic universals --- Languages & Literatures --- Philology & Linguistics --- Phonology --- Morphology --- 801.4 --- -Linguistic change --- -Universals (Linguistics) --- Language and languages --- Universals (Linguistics) --- Linguistics --- Typology (Linguistics) --- Comparative grammar --- Grammar, Philosophical --- Grammar, Universal --- Philosophical grammar --- Philology --- Change, Linguistic --- Language change --- Historical linguistics --- Fonetiek. Fonologie --- Universals --- Grammar, Comparative --- 801.4 Fonetiek. Fonologie --- Phonology. --- Morphology. --- Morphology (Linguistics) --- Universaliën (Taalwetenschap) --- Lingüística. --- Fonologia. --- Morfologia (lingüística) --- Gramática comparada. --- Variation de langage. --- Universaux du langage. --- Phonologie. --- Sprachgebrauch. --- Grammar [Comparative and general ] --- Arts and Humanities --- Language & Linguistics --- Grammar, Comparative and general Phonology --- Grammar, Comparative and general Morphology --- GRAMMAR, COMPARATIVE AND GENERAL --- LINGUISTIC CHANGE --- UNIVERSAUX (LINGUISTIQUE) --- PHONOLOGY --- MORPHOLOGY

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Didactics of English --- Literature --- English language --- Intercultural communication --- Anglais (Langue) à l'étranger --- Anglais (Langue) --- Communication interculturelle --- Periodicals --- Study and teaching --- Foreign speakers --- Variation --- Périodiques --- Etude et enseignement --- Allophones --- Intercultural communication. --- Engels. --- Taalvergelijking. --- Taalvariatie. --- Communication interculturelle. --- Enseignement. --- Langue seconde. --- Variation de langage. --- Foreign countries. --- Foreign speakers. --- Variation. --- Arts and Humanities --- Language & Linguistics --- Society and Culture --- Arts and Humanities. --- Society and Culture. --- Sprachvariante --- Englisches Sprachgebiet --- English Language. --- Sprache --- Sprachvariation --- Varianz --- Varietät --- Sprachvarietät --- Sprachvarianten --- Cross-cultural communication --- EFL (Language study) --- English as a foreign language --- English as a second language --- English to speakers of other languages --- ESL (Language study) --- ESOL (Language study) --- Teaching English as a second language --- TEFL (Language study) --- TESL (Language study) --- English language in foreign countries --- World Englishes --- Variante --- Linguistik --- Foreign students --- Englischsprachige Welt --- Anglophonie --- Anglofonie --- Anglofone Welt --- Anglophone Welt --- Englischer Sprachraum --- Englischsprachiger Raum --- Englischsprachiges Gebiet --- Diversifikation --- Communication --- Culture --- Cross-cultural orientation --- Cultural competence --- Multilingual communication --- Technical assistance --- Germanic languages --- Dialects --- Anthropological aspects --- English language - Foreign countries - Periodicals. --- English language - Study and teaching - Foreign speakers - Periodicals. --- English language - Variation - Periodicals. --- Intercultural communication - Periodicals. --- Varietät --- Sprachvarietät